Table 2.

Summary of Biomedical Applications of EVs

Types	Source	Target	Diseases	Ref.
Natural EVs	Monocyte/macrophage	Neuron	Parkinson’s disease	[92]
	Monocyte/macrophage	Cancer cell	Tumor	[54, 89]
	HEK293 -HetIL-15	Cancer cell	Tumor	[41]
	MSCs	Endothelium	Lung inflammation and injuries	[106]
	HEK293 -CD3-anti-EGFR	Cancer and T cells	Tumor	[13]
Biomimetic EV
	Neutrophil	Endothelium	Inflammation, sepsis, arthritis, ischemia/reperfusion	[16, 91, 107, 108]
	Neutrophil	Cancer cell	Tumor, Metastasis	[109]
	Monocyte/macrophage	Endothelium	Inflammation, sepsis	[57, 78]
	Monocyte/macrophage	Endotoxins, cytokines	Inflammation, sepsis	[56]
	T cell	HIV	Infection	[110]
	Red blood cell	Cancer cell	Tumor	[94]
	Red blood cell	Bacteria	infection	[79]
	Platelet	Cancer cell, bacteria	Infection, tumor	[93]
	Platelet	Macrophage	Immune thrombocytopenia	[111]
	Platelet, Neuro cells	Cancer cell	Cancer	[72]
	Epithelial cell	Bacteria	infection	[112]
	HEK293 -PD-1	Cancer cell	Tumor	[8]
Artificial EVs	None	Endothelium	inflammation	[60]