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. 2020 May 4;10:7491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of glycolic acid treatment on C. acnes cell viability. (a) Effect of glycolic acid concentration-dependent treatment on viable C. acnes cell concentration at pH 3.5. The C. acnes cell concentration was 1 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹. The recorded MBC value was 25 mM, and corresponds to the lowest glycolic acid concentration at which no bacterial cell viability was detected (reported as ND, not determined). Mean ± standard deviation values are reported from n = 3 experiments. (b) Live-dead assay evaluation of glycolic acid-treated C. acnes cells at different glycolic acid concentrations by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging. Green and red colors indicate live and dead C. acnes cells, respectively. Images are representative of three experiments. Scale bars: 100 μm.