Table 1.

Drugs targeting DNA damage-PARP1-NAD⁺ axis with potential benefit in AF.

Key modulators	Drug	Action	Clinical phase	Indication	Ref/identifier (clinicaltrails.gov)
I. Direct targeting DNA damage-PARP1-NAD+ axis
DNA damage	Veliparib	PARP inhibitor	Phase II Phase II Phase I Phase II Phase II Preclinical	Metastatic breast cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma Adult solid neoplasm Ovarian cancer Colorectal cancer AF	NCT01009788 NCT01205828 NCT01154426 NCT01113957 NCT01051596 (12)
DNA damage	Olaparib	PARP inhibitor	Phase I Phase III Phase III	Ovarian cancer Pancreatic cancer Fallopian Tube Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma	NCT01237067 NCT02184195 NCT02446600
Mitochondrial dysfunction	Nicotinamide (niagen®)	PARP inhibitor Sirt inhibitor NAD-precursor	Phase III Phase III Phase II Phase II Preclinical	Lung carcinoma Chronic kidney disease Neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer's disease AF	NCT02416739 NCT02258074 NCT01589809 NCT00580931 (30)
II. Indirect targeting conservation of cytoskeleton cardiomyocytes
HSP	GGA (teprenone)	HSP induction	Phase IV Phase IV Phase IV Preclinical Phase II	Gastric ulcers Gastritis Gastric lesion AF Cardiac bypass surgery	NCT01190657 NCT015475559 NCT01397448 (58, 59)
HSP	GGA derivatives	HSP induction	Preclinical	AF	(60)