TABLE 3.

Standardized factor loadings and internal reliability for the three instruments across genders and across the three countries participating in the study (i.e., Italy, Romania, and Turkey).

	Multigroup-CFA factor loadings
	Gender		Countries
	F	M	IT	RO	TU
(1) Attitudes toward doping
The use of illegal substances to improve sporting performance or physical appearance would be for you:
1. Useless/useful	0.64	0.57	0.49	0.76	0.74
2. Foolish/wise	0.57	0.53	0.47	0.68	0.73
3. Undesirable/desirable	0.73	0.81	0.75	0.67	0.74
4. Negative/positive	0.77	0.80	0.83	0.67	0.82
5. Harmful/beneficial	0.79	0.82	0.80	0.81	0.82
Cronbach’s alpha	0.82	0.81	0.74	0.85	0.87
(2) Doping-specific self-regulatory efficacy
You would be able to resist the temptation to use doping substances
1. …even in the case you have a fall in performance	0.65	0.60	0.61	0.52	0.67
2. …to have a physique more appreciated by others, even if nobody will ever know it	0.60	0.67	0.76	0.61	0.62
3. …to make your body closer to how you would like it	0.65	0.76	0.75	0.64	0.70
4. …to achieve faster results, even if nobody will ever know it	0.76	0.77	0.82	0.65	0.79
5. …despite other people suggest me to do it	0.73	0.70	0.75	0.63	0.70
6. …to improve in the sport you practice, even if you know that wouldn’t have any side effects	0.75	0.76	0.80	0.67	0.74
Cronbach’s alpha	0.84	0.86	0.88	0.80	0.85
(3) Moral disengagement toward doping
How much do you agree with each of these statements?
1. Compared to the damaging effects of alcohol and tobacco, the use of illicit substances is not so bad	0.57	0.52	0.44	0.52	0.52
2. It is not right to condemn those who use illicit substances to improve their body, since many people do the same	0.50	0.48	0.51	0.49	0.49
3. Doping use is just another good way to “maximize its potential”	0.55	0.47	0.37	0.48	0.53
4. There is no reason to punish people who use illicit substances to improve their physical appearance, after all, no one gets hurt	0.56	0.51	0.49	0.54	0.55
5. People who use illicit substances in sport are not to blame, to blame are those who expect too much from him	0.54	0.53	0.51	0.50	0.55
6. To overcome their own limitation, it is reasonable to use also illicit substances	0.79	0.75	0.77	0.70	0.78
Cronbach’s alpha	0.76	0.68	0.65	0.72	0.72

F, female; M, male; IT, Italy; RO, Romania; TU, Turkey; CFA, confirmatory factor analysis. All the factor loadings are statistically significant (p < 0.001). The items for which the intercepts were non-invariant between the countries are underlined.