TABLE 1.
Current clinical trials of OVs combined with ICIs.
| OVs | Genetic modifications | Checkpoint inhibitors | Phase | Cancer types | NCT number |
| HSV-1 | T-VEC (Deletions in ICP34.5 and | Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4) | I/II | Melanoma | NCT01740297 |
| ICP47 and transgenic expression of | Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) | III | Stage IIIB–IV melanoma | NCT02263508 | |
| GM-CSF) | Pembrolizumab | II | Stage III–IV melanoma | NCT02965716 | |
| Pembrolizumab | I | HNSCC | NCT02626000 | ||
| Nivolumab (anti-PD1) | II | Lymphoma and non-melanoma skin cancers | NCT02978625 | ||
| Spontaneous deletion in the UL56 | Ipilimumab | II | Melanoma | NCT02272855 | |
| promoter | Ipilimumab | II | Melanoma | NCT03153085 | |
| Vaccinia virus | Deletions in thymidine kinase and | Ipilimumab | I | Advanced-stage solid tumors | NCT02977156 |
| transgenic expression of GM-CSF | Durvalumab (anti-PD1)/Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4) | I | CRC | NCT03206073 | |
| andβ-galactosidase (Pexa-Vec) | Nivolumab | I/II | HCC | NCT03071094 | |
| Cemiplimab (anti-PD1) | I | RCC | NCT03294083 | ||
| Coxsackie virus | None (CAVATAK) | Pembrolizumab | I | Melanoma | NCT02565992 |
| Pembrolizumab | I | NSCLC and bladder cancer | NCT02043665 | ||
| Ipilimumab | I | Melanoma | NCT02307149 | ||
| Ipilimumab | I | Melanoma | NCT03408587 | ||
| Adenovirus | Engineered oncolytic adenovirus expressing GMCSF (ONCOS-102) | Pembrolizumab | I | Advanced or unresectable melanoma | NCT03003676 |
| p53 transduced adenovirus | Pembrolizumab | I/II | Head and neck cancer | NCT02842125 | |
| (Ad-p53) | Nivolumab | II | HNSCC | NCT03544723 | |
| Adenovirus vaccine expressing | Pembrolizumab | I/II | NSCLC | NCT02879760 | |
| MAGE-A3 (Ad-MAGEA3) | Pembrolizumab | I | Metastatic melanoma and Squamous cell skin carcinoma | NCT03773744 | |
| Reovirus | None (Reolysin) | Pembrolizumab | I | Advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma | NCT02620423 |
| Nivolumab | I | Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma | NCT03605719 | ||
| Vesicular Stomatitis | VSV-hIFNbeta-sodium iodide | Avelumab | I | Malignant solid tumor | NCT02923466 |
| virus (VSV) | symporter [NIS] (VSV-IFNβ-NIS) | Pembrolizumab | I | Refractory NSCLC and HCC | NCT03647163 |
HSV-1, herpes simplex virus-1; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; CRC, colorectal cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.