Table 3.
Prognostic factors in relation to follow-up cognitive improvement beyond the early post-intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cognitive impairment (n = 90).
| Follow-up of early PSCI n = 90 | Cognitive impairment n = 57 | Cognitive recovery n = 33 | Univariable analysis | Multivariate analysis* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR and 95%CI | P-value | OR and 95%CI | P-value | ||||
| Demographic variables | |||||||
| Age, years | 68.70 ± 12.76 | 70.05 ± 13.06 | 66.36 ± 12.07 | 1.023 (0.989–1.059) | 0.187 | – | – |
| Male | 58 (64.4%) | 38 (66.7%) | 20 (60.6%) | 1.300 (0.534–3.163) | 0.563 | ||
| Educational years ≤ 9 | 45 (50.0%) | 30 (52.6%) | 15 (45.5%) | 1.333 (0.564–3.151) | 0.512 | 5.145 (1.254–21.105) | 0.023 |
| Baseline NIHSS score | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–7) | 2 (2–5) | 1.258 (1.054–1.500) | 0.011 | – | – |
| sBP on admission, mmHg | 165.87 ± 25.04 | 165.47 ± 24.74 | 166.55 ± 25.92 | 0.998 (0.981–1.016) | 0.844 | ||
| Imaging variables | |||||||
| ICH volume, ml | 3.99 (1.24–12.14) | 6.43 (2.01–12.88) | 2.39 (1.03–4.28) | 1.082 (1.011–1.158) | 0.022 | – | – |
| Dominant-hemisphere hemorrhage | 69 (76.7%) | 48 (84.2%) | 21 (63.6%) | 3.048 (1.116–8.325) | 0.030 | 6.955 (1.604–30.162) | 0.010 |
| Lobar hemorrhage | 30 (33.3%) | 27 (47.4%) | 3 (9.1%) | 9.000 (2.463–32.882) | 0.001 | 8.363 (1.479–47.290) | 0.016 |
| Intracranial arterial stenosis | 32 (35.6%) | 19 (33.3%) | 13 (39.4%) | 0.699 (0.255–1.913) | 0.486 | ||
| without assessment | 24 (26.7%) | 15 (26.3%) | 9 (27.3%) | ||||
| White matter hyperintensities | 53 (58.9%) | 32 (56.1%) | 21 (63.6%) | 1.143 (0.232–5.632) | 0.870 | ||
| without assessment | 30 (33.3%) | 21 (36.8%) | 9 (27.3%) | ||||
| Laboratory variables | |||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 3.23 (3.02–5.50) | 3.49 (3.02–10.14) | 3.23 (3.02–4.24) | 1.092 (0.987–1.208) | 0.089 | ||
| RBC, × 1012/L | 4.40 ± 0.56 | 4.26 ± 0.55 | 4.63 ± 0.51 | 0.273 (0.113–0.662) | 0.004 | ||
| Hb, g/L | 133.60 ± 17.67 | 132.00 ± 16.28 | 136.36 ± 19.79 | 0.986 (0.962–1.011) | 0.259 | ||
| HCT, % | 40.08 ± 4.70 | 39.82 ± 4.84 | 40.54 ± 4.48 | 0.967 (0.882–1.061) | 0.482 | ||
| MCV, fL | 91.52 ± 6.41 | 93.65 ± 4.92 | 87.86 ± 7.07 | 1.241 (1.091–1.413) | 0.001 | 1.660 (1.171–2.354) | 0.004 |
| MCH, pg | 30.51 ± 2.65 | 31.05 ± 1.67 | 29.56 ± 3.62 | 1.260 (1.041–1.524) | 0.018 | 0.566 (0.293–1.092) | 0.089 |
| MCHC, g/L | 332.93 ± 12.57 | 331.42 ± 6.24 | 335.55 ± 18.99 | 0.973 (0.939–1.009) | 0.139 | ||
| RDW, % | 13.31 ± 0.97 | 13.32 ± 0.88 | 13.30 ± 1.13 | 1.023 (0.656–1.595) | 0.921 | ||
| PRO, g/L | 65.51 ± 5.27 | 65.42 ± 6.07 | 65.66 ± 3.55 | 0.991 (0.913–1.076) | 0.837 | ||
| ALT, U/L | 16.39 ± 8.35 | 16.27 ± 8.61 | 16.60 ± 8.01 | 0.995 (0.945–1.048) | 0.858 | ||
| AST, U/L | 20.01 ± 4.33 | 20.39 ± 4.61 | 19.34 ± 3.76 | 1.060 (0.957–1.174) | 0.267 | ||
| AST/ALT | 1.46 ± 0.60 | 1.52 ± 0.65 | 1.34 ± 0.49 | 1.753 (0.796–3.861) | 0.163 | ||
| Cr | 68.82 ± 14.65 | 68.58 ± 16.70 | 69.22 ± 10.40 | 0.997 (0.968–1.027) | 0.843 | ||
| eGFR, ml/min | 87.64 ± 13.31 | 87.32 ± 14.25 | 88.19 ± 11.69 | 0.995 (0.963–1.028) | 0.763 | ||
| FBG, mmol/L | 6.04 ± 1.27 | 6.01 ± 1.35 | 6.10 ± 1.15 | 0.944 (0.675–1.321) | 0.737 | ||
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.31 ± 0.76 | 2.19 ± 0.75 | 2.51 ± 0.76 | 0.576 (0.323–1.027) | 0.061 | ||
| HCY, μmol/L | 13.68 ± 7.57 | 13.88 ± 9.34 | 13.34 ± 2.54 | 1.010 (0.951–1.073) | 0.740 | ||
Values in bold indicate significant difference.
*
Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, educational years, baseline NIHSS score, ICH volume, dominant-hemisphere hemorrhage, lobar hemorrhage, MCV, and MCH.