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Relation between the PA:A ratio and the occurrence of severe exacerbations at baseline and during follow-up in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study. The rates of exacerbations are shown by increments of 0.1 unit. The risk increased for exacerbations at the threshold of PA:A ratio of 1. PA:A = pulmonary artery:aorta. (Adapted with permission from Wells et al.30)
