Table 1.
Sample demographics by outcomes.
| Total | Ever use of modern FP |
Covert, overt modern FP use |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No use | Overt | Covert | ||||
| (N = 130) | (N = 925) | (N = 98 ) | (N = 32) | ||||
| Variables | N (%) | N (%) | p-value | N (%) | p-value | N (%) | p-value |
| Wife's age | |||||||
| 13–14 years | 49 (4.57) | 2 (1.54) | <0.001* | 45 (4.86) | 1 (1.02) | 1 (3.13) | <0.001⁎⁎ |
| 15–17 years | 452 (42.16) | 34 (26.15) | 412 (44.54) | 28 (28.57) | 6 (18.75) | ||
| 18–19 years | 571 (53.26) | 94 (72.31) | 468 (50.59) | 69 (70.41) | 25 (78.13) | ||
| Husband's age | |||||||
| 15–24 years | 491 (45.80) | 43 (33.08) | <0.001* | 442 (47.78) | 31 (31.63) | 12 (37.50) | <0.001⁎⁎ |
| 25–29 years | 327 (30.50) | 47 (36.15) | 271 (29.30) | 35 (35.71) | 12 (37.50) | ||
| 30 years and over | 222 (20.71) | 37 (23.85) | 183 (19.78) | 30 (30.61) | 7 (21.88) | ||
| Age difference | |||||||
| 0–4 years | 205 (19.12) | 21 (16.15) | 0.014* | 182 (19.68) | 13 (13.27) | 8 (25.00) | 0.002⁎⁎ |
| 5–6 years | 257 (23.97) | 24 (18.46) | 230 (24.86) | 19 (19.39) | 5 (15.63) | ||
| 7–9 years | 260 (24.25) | 31 (23.85) | 224 (24.22) | 24 (24.49) | 7 (21.88) | ||
| 10 years and over | 318 (29.66) | 51 (39.23) | 260 (28.11) | 40 (40.82) | 11 (34.38) | ||
| Wife's age at marriage | |||||||
| 7–13 years | 391 (36.47) | 63 (48.46) | <0.001* | 320 (34.59) | 51 (52.04) | 12 (37.50) | <0.001⁎⁎ |
| 14–15 years | 428 (39.93) | 46 (35.38) | 376 (40.65) | 36 (36.73) | 10 (31.25) | ||
| 16–17 years | 213 (19.87) | 20 (15.38) | 190 (20.54) | 11 (11.22) | 9 (28.13) | ||
| 18–19 years | 37 (3.45) | 0 (0.00) | 37 (4.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Wife's parity | |||||||
| None | 429 (40.02) | 7 (5.38) | <0.001^ | 414 (44.76) | 1 (1.02) | 6 (18.75) | <0.001^ |
| 1 birth | 356 (33.21) | 48 (36.92) | 302 (32.65) | 34 (34.69) | 14 (43.75) | ||
| 2 or more births | 287 (26.77) | 75 (57.69) | 209 (22.59) | 63 (64.29) | 12 (37.50) | ||
| Wife's education | |||||||
| Government School | 372 (34.70) | 45 (34.62) | 0.073^ | 319 (34.49) | 36 (36.73) | 9 (28.13) | 0.082a |
| Quranic School | 175 (16.32) | 29 (22.31) | 142 (15.35) | 24 (24.49) | 5 (15.63) | ||
| No Education | 516 (48.13) | 53 (40.77) | 458 (49.51) | 36 (36.73) | 17 (53.13) | ||
| Husband's education | |||||||
| Government School | 502 (46.83) | 60 (46.15) | 0.002^ | 432 (46.70) | 43 (43.88) | 17 (53.13) | 0.007a |
| Quranic School | 215 (20.06) | 40 (30.77) | 173 (18.70) | 33 (33.67) | 7 (21.88) | ||
| No Education | 318 (29.66) | 27 (20.77) | 286 (30.92) | 20 (20.41) | 7 (21.8) | ||
| Number of wives | |||||||
| Monogamous | 897 (83.68) | 112 (86.15) | 0.49^ | 770 (83.24) | 85 (86.73) | 27 (84.38) | 0.77a |
| Polygamous | 143 (13.34 | 15 (11.54) | 126 (13.62) | 11 (11.22) | 4 (12.50) | ||
| Food insecurity | |||||||
| No | 835 (77.89) | 95 (73.08) | 0.15^ | 725 (78.38) | 71 (72.45) | 24 (75.00) | 0.34a |
| Yes | 234 (21.83) | 35 (26.92) | 197 (21.30) | 27 (27.55) | 8 (25.00) | ||
| Has husband spend >3 months away | |||||||
| No | 313 (29.20) | 38 (29.3) | 0.99^ | 267 (28.86) | 29 (29.59) | 9 (28.13) | 0.99⁎⁎ |
| Yes | 722 (67.35) | 89 (68.46) | 624 (67.46) | 67 (68.37) | 22 (68.75) | ||
| Exposures | |||||||
| Physical IPV | |||||||
| No | 976 (91.04) | 109 (83.85) | 0.002^ | 853 (92.22) | 87 (88.78) | 22 (68.75) | <0.001⁎⁎ |
| Yes | 88 (8.21) | 20 (15.38) | 68 (7.35) | 11 (11.22) | 9 (28.13) | ||
| Sexual IPV | |||||||
| No | 995 (92.82) | 122 (93.85) | 0.98^ | 861 (93.08) | 93 (94.90) | 20 (90.63) | 0.53⁎⁎ |
| Yes | 57 (5.32) | 7 (5.38) | 50 (5.41) | 4 (4.08) | 3 (9.38) | ||
| RC | |||||||
| No | 883 (82.37) | 109 (83.85) | 0.066^ | 765 (82.70) | 85 (86.73) | 24 (75.00) | 0.025⁎⁎ |
| Yes | 109 (10.17) | 20 (15.38) | 86 (9.30) | 12 (12.24) | 8 (25.00) | ||
Abbreviations: FP—Family Planning, IPV—Intimate Partner Violence, RC—Reproductive Coercion.
⁎
Results from t-tests.
⁎⁎
Results from ANOVA.
^
Results from Chi-square tests.
^^Results from Fisher's Exact test.