Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by nutritional status of pregnant women
| Variables | MUAC < 23 cm n = 1,393 | p value | Anaemia n = 1,393 | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
| Maternal age in years | 15–19 | 152 (39) | 237 (61) | 0.208* | 80 (20.6) | 309 (79.4) | 0.479 |
| 20–24 | 379 (38) | 625 (62) | 224 (22.3) | 780 (77.7) | |||
| Educational status | No formal education | 183 (41) | 261 (59) | 0.097** | 115 (26) | 329 (74) | 0.042*** |
| Primary | 309 (38) | 514 (62) | 164 (20) | 659 (80) | |||
| Secondary and above | 39 (31) | 87 (69) | 25 (20) | 101 (80) | |||
| Parity | Primipara | 311 (39) | 485 (61) | 0.399 | 101 (17) | 496 (83) | 0.001*** |
| Multipara | 220 (37) | 377 (63) | 203 (25.5) | 593 (74.5) | |||
| Wealth index | Lowest | 220 (42) | 298 (58) | 0.001*** | 124 (24) | 394 (76) | 0.017*** |
| Middle | 178 (44) | 226 (56) | 98 (24) | 306 (76) | |||
| Highest | 133 (28) | 338 (72) | 82 (17.4) | 389 (82.6) | |||
| Family size | <5 | 448 (38) | 733 (62) | 0.737 | 253 (21.4) | 928 (78.6) | 0.393 |
| ≥5 | 83 (39) | 129 (61) | 51 (24) | 161 (76) | |||
| Toilet type | Improved | 146 (36.5) | 254 (73.5) | 0.705 | 70 (17.5) | 330 (82.5) | 0.043*** |
| Unimproved | 385 (39) | 608 (61) | 234 (23.6) | 754 (76.4) | |||
| Water source | Protected | 341 (36) | 606 (64) | 0.017*** | 202 (21.3) | 745 (78.6) | 0.537 |
| Unprotected | 189 (43) | 254 (57) | 101 (23) | 342 (77) | |||
| MUAC | <23 cm | — | — | 137 (26) | 394 (74) | 0.005*** | |
| ≥23 cm | — | — | 167 (19.3) | 695 (80.7) | |||
| MDDW | <5 | 470 (39) | 745 (61) | 0.138* | 267 (22) | 948 (78) | 0.720 |
| ≥5 | 61 (34) | 117 (66) | 37 (21) | 141 (79) | |||
| Maternal height | Mean (SD) | 156 (5.9) | 158 (5.4) | 0.001*** | 158 (5.7) | 158 (5.6) | 0.753 |
| ASF consumption | Consume | 250 (40.5) | 367 (59.5) | 0.100** | 128 (21) | 489 (79) | 0.385 |
| Not consume | 281 (36) | 495 (64) | 176 (22) | 600 (78) | |||
| Iron‐folic acid supplement | ≤3 months | 369 (38) | 607 (62) | 0.714 | 221 (22.6) | 755 (71.4) | 0.227* |
| >3 months | 162 (39) | 255 (61) | 83 (20) | 334 (80) | |||
| Deworming | Yes | 25 (37) | 43 (63) | 0.814 | 16 (23.5) | 52 (76.5) | 0.727 |
| No | 506 (38) | 819 (62) | 288 (22) | 1,037 (80) | |||
| ANC follow‐up | No | 51 (41.5) | 72 (58.5) | 0.424 | 37 (30) | 86 (70) | 0.020*** |
| At least one | 480 (38) | 790 (62) | 267 (21) | 1,003 (79) | |||
| Any illness | Yes | 103 (43.6) | 133 (56.4) | 0.055** | 50 (21) | 186(79) | 0.975 |
| No | 428 (37) | 729 (63) | 254 (22) | 903(78) | |||
| Depression | Yes | 132 (41) | 189 (59) | 0.207* | 88 (27.4) | 233 (72.6) | 0.006*** |
| No | 399 (37) | 673 (63) | 216 (20) | 856 (80) | |||
Note. ANC: antenatal care; ASF: animal source food; MDDW: minimum dietary diversity for women; MUAC: mid‐upper arm circumference.
*
Statistical significance at p < 0.25.
**
Statistical significance at p < 0.10.
***
Statistical significance at p < 0.05.