Table 2. Volumetric, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), and Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) Analyses by Brain Region.
| Variable | Mean (SE) [95% CI]a | Univariate test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PANS (n = 34) | Control (n = 64) | Mean difference (PANS minus control) | F distribution | P valueb | ||
| Regional brain volume, mL | ||||||
| Cerebral white matter | 195.12 (3.21) [188.75-201.49] | 196.42 (2.32) [191.81-201.03] | −1.30 | 0.11 | .75 | |
| Cerebral cortex | 365.74 (6.02) [353.79-377.69] | 365.96 (4.36) [357.31-374.62] | −0.22 | 0.00 | .98 | |
| Lateral ventricles | 5.91 (0.11) [5.70-6.12] | 5.98 (0.08) [5.83-6.13] | −0.07 | 0.29 | .59 | |
| Thalamus | 6.88 (0.11) [6.66-7.10] | 6.92 (0.08) [6.76-7.08] | −0.04 | 0.09 | .76 | |
| Caudate | 2.84 (0.05) [2.74-2.95] | 2.85 (0.04) [2.77-2.92] | −0.01 | 0.01 | .94 | |
| Putamen | 4.78 (0.08) [4.61-4.94] | 4.72 (0.06) [4.60-4.84] | 0.06 | 0.33 | .57 | |
| Pallidum | 1.52 (0.03) [1.47-1.58] | 1.53 (0.02) [1.49-1.57] | −0.01 | 0.03 | .86 | |
| Hippocampus | 3.30 (0.05) [3.19-3.41] | 3.26 (0.04) [3.18-3.34] | 0.04 | 0.37 | .54 | |
| Amygdala | 1.66 (0.03) [1.60-1.72] | 1.62 (0.02) [1.57-1.66] | 0.04 | 1.01 | .32 | |
| Nucleus accumbens | 0.41 (0.01) [0.39-0.43] | 0.39 (0.01) [0.38-0.41] | 0.02 | 1.33 | .25 | |
| Brainstem | 23.50 (0.39) [22.72-24.28] | 24.26 (0.28) [23.70-24.82] | −0.76 | 2.41 | .12 | |
| Median ADC, 10−6 mm2/s | ||||||
| Cerebral white matter | 854.44 (4.52) [845.46-863.41] | 818.75 (3.27) [812.25-825.25] | 35.69 | 40.12 | <.001c | |
| Cerebral cortex | 894.38 (3.59) [887.25-901.51] | 874.55 (2.60) [869.39-879.71] | 19.83 | 19.63 | <.001c | |
| Thalamus | 874.33 (7.65) [859.13-889.52] | 796.04 (5.54) [785.03-807.05] | 78.29 | 67.38 | <.001c | |
| Caudate | 849.78 (7.38) [835.13-864.44] | 790.82 (5.34) [780.21-801.44] | 58.96 | 41.10 | <.001c | |
| Putamen | 834.84 (7.13) [820.68-848.99] | 778.05 (5.16) [767.80-788.30] | 56.79 | 40.87 | <.001c | |
| Pallidum | 913.85 (10.98) [892.06-935.65] | 820.29 (7.95) [804.50-836.07] | 93.56 | 46.79 | <.001c | |
| Hippocampus | 951.21 (5.95) [939.39-963.04] | 919.91 (4.31) [911.34-928.47] | 31.30 | 17.80 | <.001c | |
| Amygdala | 910.61 (7.42) [895.88-925.35] | 862.29 (5.37) [851.62-872.96] | 48.32 | 27.31 | <.001c | |
| Nucleus accumbens | 873.81 (9.43) [855.10-892.53] | 820.99 (6.83) [807.43-834.54] | 52.82 | 20.23 | <.001c | |
| Brainstem | 809.48 (4.71) [800.12-818.84] | 784.63 (3.41) [777.85-791.41] | 24.85 | 17.88 | <.001c | |
| Median CBF, mL/100 g/mind | ||||||
| Cerebral white matter | 45.71 (1.55) [42.62-48.80] | 47.57 (0.94) [45.69-49.44] | −1.86 | 0.99 | .32 | |
| Cerebral cortex | 61.53 (2.28) [57.00-66.07] | 67.03 (1.38) [64.28-69.78] | −5.50 | 4.02 | .048c | |
| Thalamus | 54.24 (2.18) [49.92-58.57] | 55.76 (1.32) [53.14-58.38] | −1.52 | 0.33 | .56 | |
| Caudate | 51.21 (1.66) [47.91-54.51] | 54.64 (1.01) [52.64-56.64] | −3.43 | 2.97 | .09 | |
| Putamen | 53.15 (1.69) [49.80-56.51] | 56.57 (1.02) [54.54-58.60] | −3.42 | 2.84 | .10 | |
| Pallidum | 43.06 (1.63) [39.83-46.29] | 44.06 (0.99) [42.10-46.01] | −1.00 | 0.26 | .61 | |
| Hippocampus | 53.84 (1.92) [50.02-57.65] | 54.40 (1.16) [52.09-56.71] | −0.56 | 0.06 | .81 | |
| Amygdala | 47.97 (1.79) [44.42-51.53] | 51.08 (1.08) [48.92-53.23] | −3.11 | 2.08 | .15 | |
| Nucleus accumbens | 57.77 (1.90) [54.00-61.54] | 58.26 (1.15) [55.98-60.55] | −0.49 | 0.05 | .83 | |
| Brainstem | 49.62 (2.03) [45.57-53.66] | 46.35 (1.23) [43.90-48.80] | 3.27 | 1.79 | .19 | |
Abbreviation: PANS, pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.
a
Covariates in the model are evaluated at the following values: age 143.88 months and sex 0.59.
b
P values are based on the linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means (Bonferroni corrected).
c
P < .05.
d
Analysis was conducted on a patient subset (n = 25) because of limited data. Covariates in the model are evaluated at the following values: age 146.20 months and sex 0.56.