Table 2.
Changes in HbA1c and diabetes self-management behaviors over time
| Outcome and time point | Baseline | 3 months versus baseline | 6 month versus baseline |
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| UCG | 7.44 (7.01 to 7.86) | −0.13 (−0.34 to 0.08) | −0.07 (−0.31 to 0.17) |
| SSG | 7.46 (6.89 to 8.02) | −0.19 (−0.36 to −0.03) * | −0.03 (−0.27 to 0.21) |
| ASG | 7.49 (7.16 to 7.81) | −0.66 (−0.89 to −0.43) *** | −0.50 (−0.75 to −0.24) *** |
| SSG versus UCG | −0.06 (−0.35 to 0.23) | 0.04 (−0.31 to 0.39) | |
| ASG versus UCG | −0.53 (−0.81 to −0.24) *** | −0.42 (−0.77 to −0.08) * | |
| ASG versus SSG | −0.47 (−0.75 to −0.18) ** | −0.47 (−0.81 to −0.12) ** | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | |||
| UCG | 57.79 (53.15 to 62.43) | −1.41 (−3.67 to 0.86) | −0.78 (−3.41 to 1.86) |
| SSG | 58.02 (51.85 to 60.20) | −2.11 (−3.92 to −0.29) * | −0.32 (−2.93 to 2.29) |
| ASG | 58.32 (54.80 to 61.84) | −7.23 (−9.72 to −4.73) *** | −5.41 (−8.15 to −2.67) *** |
| SSG versus UCG | −0.63 (−3.79 to 2.53) | 0.47 (−3.33 to 4.27) | |
| ASG versus UCG | −5.75 (−8.87 to −2.63) *** | −4.64 (−8.39 to −0.89) * | |
| ASG versus SSG | −5.10 (−8.20 to −2.01) ** | −5.11 (−8.88 to −1.34) ** | |
| Diet | |||
| UCG | 1.39 (1.26 to 1.52) | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.18)* |
| SSG | 1.51 (1.36 to 1.66) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.13)* |
| ASG | 1.52 (1.41 to 1.63) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.15)** | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.20)** |
| SSG versus UCG | −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | |
| ASG versus UCG | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) | |
| ASG versus SSG | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.15) | 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16) | |
| Exercise | |||
| UCG | 1.43 (1.30 to 1.56) | −0.11 (−0.17 to −0.05)** | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02) |
| SSG | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.49) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04) |
| ASG | 1.32 (1.17 to 1.46) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.17)** | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.23)*** |
| SSG versus UCG | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.21)* | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | |
| ASG versus UCG | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.31)*** | 0.21 (0.10 to 0.31)*** | |
| ASG versus SSG | 0.10 (0.00 to 0.19)* | 0.20 (0.09 to 0.30)*** | |
| Medication | |||
| UCG | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) |
| SSG | 0.86 (0.81 to 0.90) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.01) |
| ASG | 0.87 (0.81 to 0.92) | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.06) |
| SSG versus UCG | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.02) | |
| ASG versus UCG | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07) | |
| ASG versus SSG | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) | 0.05 (0.00 to 0,10)* | |
| Glucose monitoring | |||
| UCG | 1.42 (1.26 to 1.59) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 0.02 (−0.06 to 0.10) |
| SSG | 1.32 (1.12 to 1.52) | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.14)** | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0,12) |
| ASG | 1.29 (1.18 to 1.41) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.16)** | 0.08 (0.00 to 0.16) |
| SSG versus UCG | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.14) | |
| ASG versus UCG | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.15) | 0.06 (−0.05 to 0.17) | |
| ASG versus SSG | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.08 to 0.14) |
Data were estimated for means (95% CI). The data of within-group were adjusted for baseline value, and the data of between-group were adjusted for baseline and basic characteristics. P values for within-group were different from the given time point to baseline; p values for between-group difference score were relative to baseline from the linear mixed model.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
ASG, autonomy support group; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SSG, social support group; UCG, usual care group.