Table 1. Pathogens Associated With EOS and EOM.
| Pathogena | Infant group, No. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Preterm (GA 22-36 wk) | Term (GA ≥37 wk) | ||||
| EOS | EOMb | EOS | EOM | EOS | EOM | |
| Gram-positive | 120 (51.1) | 3 (50.0) | 38 (29.0) | 1 (25.0) | 82 (78.8) | 2 (100) |
| GBS | 70 (29.8) | 1 (16.7) | 17 (13.0) | 0 | 53 (51.0) | 1 (50.0) |
| Enterococcus species | 13 (5.5) | 0 | 4 (3.1) | 0 | 9 (8.7) | 0 |
| Group A streptococcus | 9 (3.8) | 0 | 3 (2.3) | 0 | 6 (5.8) | 0 |
| Viridans streptococci | 7 (3.0) | 0 | 4 (3.1) | 0 | 3 (2.9) | 0 |
| Streptococcus bovis | 6 (2.6) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 4 (3.8) | 1 (50.0) |
| Streptococcus species | 5 (2.1) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 3 (2.9) | 0 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 3 (1.3) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 2 (1.9) | 0 |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 2 (0.9) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 (0.9) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 2 (0.9) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| S aureus (methicillin-resistant) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | |
| Gram-negative | 107 (45.5) | 3 (50.0) | 87 (66.4) | 3 (75.0) | 20 (19.2) | 0 |
| Escherichia coli | 83 (35.3) | 1 (16.7) | 67 (51.1) | 1 (25.0) | 16 (15.4) | 0 |
| Haemophilus species | 9 (3.8) | 0 | 7 (5.3) | 0 | 2 (1.9) | 0 |
| Klebsiella species | 7 (3.0) | 0 | 7 (5.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Morganella morganii | 3 (1.3) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (2.3) | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 0 |
| Citrobacter species | 1 (0.4) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 0 |
| Enterobacter species | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 |
| Flavobacterium species | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Proteus species | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pseudomonas species | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 |
| Fungi | 4 (1.7) | 0 | 4 (3.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Candida albicans | 4 (1.7) | 0 | 4 (3.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Polymicrobial | 4 (1.7) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 2 (1.9) | 0 |
| E coli and Enterococcus species | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| E coli and Streptococcus species | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 |
| Haemophilus species and V streptococci | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| GBS and E coli | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 |
| All cases | 235 (100) | 6 (100) | 131 (100) | 4 (100) | 104 (100) | 2 (100) |
Abbreviations: EOM, early-onset meningitis; EOS, early-onset sepsis; GBS, group B streptococcus.
a
Median time from culture drawn to culture positivity was 17.6 hours overall (95th percentile: 65.9 hours) and varied by pathogen type: gram-positive, 19.3 (95th percentile: 71.3) hours; gram-negative, 14.7 (95th percentile: 43.3) hours; fungi, 49.7 (95th percentile: 66.3) hours; and polymicrobial, 18.2 (95th percentile: 20.7) hours (P < .001).
b
All 6 infants with EOM had blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures positive for the same organism.