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. 2020 Jan 10;2020:7650104. doi: 10.1155/2020/7650104

Table 3.

Predictors for renal impairment (KDIGO 2012) among HIV-infected patients in Soc Trang, Vietnam, with univariate and multivariate models.

Variables Renal impairment % for each category Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
N N % P PR (95% CI) aPR (95% CI)
Sex
 Female 194 16 8.3 0.860 Ref
 Male 206 18 8.7 1.06 (0.54–2.08)
Age group
 20–29 38 1 2.6 <0.001 Ref Ref
 30–39 181 7 3.9 1.47 (0.18–11.94) 1.35 (0.16–11.01)
 40–49 127 6 4.7 1.79 (0.22–14.91) 2.06 (0.14–17.14)
 50–59 43 11 25.6 9.72 (1.25–75.29)¥ 7.72 (0.99–60.14)
≥60 11 9 81.8 31.09 (3.94–245.40)§ 26.75 (3.38–211.62)¥
HIV transmission
 Drug addition 30 2 6.7 0.510 Ref
 Sexuality 358 32 8.9 1.34 (0.32–5.59)
 Mother to child 12 0 0.0
BMI
 <18.5 85 18 21.2 <0.001 Ref Ref
 18.5–25 268 15 5.6 0.26 (0.13–0.75)¥ 0.31 (0.15–0.62)¥
 >25 47 1 2.1 0.13 (1.33–0.52)¥ 0.19 (0.02–1.48)
WHO stage (current)
 Stage 1 393 29 7.4 <0.001 Ref Ref
 Stage 2 3 2 66.7 9.03 (2.15–37.86)§ 1.88 (0.24–14.94)
 Stage 3 2 2 100.0 13.55 (3.23–56.79)§ 1.67 (0.20–14.12)
 Stage 4 2 1 50.0 6.77 (0.92–49.74) 2.40 (0.24–24.09)
Tested time for HIV positive (years)
 <5 87 9 10.3 0.840 Ref
 5–10 266 21 7.9 1.31 (0.60–2.86)
 11–15 44 4 9.1 1.15 (0.40–3.35)
 >15 3 0 0.0
Treatment time
 3–5 168 14 8.3 0.980 Ref
 6–10 199 17 8.5 1.02 (0.50–2.08)
 >10 33 3 9.1 1.09 (0.31–3.79)
Preexposure to cotrimoxazole
 No 26 3 11.5 0.560 Ref
 Yes 374 31 8.3 0.72 (0.22–2.34)
Preexposure to isoniazid
 No 21 5 23.8 0.010 Ref Ref
 Yes 379 29 7.7 0.32 (0.12–0.83)¥ 0.35 (0.14–0.91)¥
Viral load (<20 copies/ml)
 Yes 374 31 8.3 0.560 Ref
 No 26 3 11.5 0.72 (0.22–2.35)
Baseline CD4 count (cells/mm3)
 >500 CD4 count 193 15 7.8 0.002 Ref Ref
 350–499 CD4 count 102 3 2.9 0.38 (0.11–1.31) 1.93 (0.43–8.73)
 200–349 CD4 count 82 10 12.2 1.57 (0.70–3.49) 0.61 (0.10–3.71)
 <200 CD4 count 23 6 26.1 3.35 (1.30–8.65)¥ 1.20 (0.28–5.20)
AST (>37 U/L)
 No 262 19 7.3 0.210 Ref
 Yes 138 15 10.9 1.50 (0.76–2.94)
ALT (>40 U/L)
 No 260 25 9.6 0.270 Ref
 Yes 140 9 6.4 0.67 (0.31–1.43)
AST (>37 U/L) and ALT (>40 U/L)
 No 295 27 9.2 0.430 Ref
 Yes 105 7 6.7 0.73 (0.31–1.67)
Hemoglobin (>16 g/L)
 No 377 33 8.8 0.460 Ref
 Yes 23 1 4.4 0.49 (0.68–3.36)
Hemoglobin (<12 g/L)
 No 340 29 8.5 0.960 Ref
 Yes 60 5 8.3 0.97 (0.38–2.52)
WHO stage (started treatment)
 Stage 1 69 1 1.5 0.130 Ref
 Stage 2 44 5 11.4 7.84 (0.92–67.11)
 Stage 3 200 19 9.5 6.55 (0.87–48.96)
 Stage 4 87 9 10.3 7.14 (0.90–56.34)
Hepatitis B
 No 361 32 8.9 0.427 Ref
 Yes 39 2 5.1 1.58 (0.14–2.41)
Hepatitis C
 No 371 32 8.6 0.750 Ref
 Yes 29 2 6.9 0.80 (0.19–3.33)

¥<0.05. §<0.001. aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio.