Table 3.
Predictors for renal impairment (KDIGO 2012) among HIV-infected patients in Soc Trang, Vietnam, with univariate and multivariate models.
| Variables | Renal impairment % for each category | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | % | P | PR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 194 | 16 | 8.3 | 0.860 | Ref | |
| Male | 206 | 18 | 8.7 | 1.06 (0.54–2.08) | ||
| Age group | ||||||
| 20–29 | 38 | 1 | 2.6 | <0.001 | Ref | Ref |
| 30–39 | 181 | 7 | 3.9 | 1.47 (0.18–11.94) | 1.35 (0.16–11.01) | |
| 40–49 | 127 | 6 | 4.7 | 1.79 (0.22–14.91) | 2.06 (0.14–17.14) | |
| 50–59 | 43 | 11 | 25.6 | 9.72 (1.25–75.29)¥ | 7.72 (0.99–60.14) | |
| ≥60 | 11 | 9 | 81.8 | 31.09 (3.94–245.40)§ | 26.75 (3.38–211.62)¥ | |
| HIV transmission | ||||||
| Drug addition | 30 | 2 | 6.7 | 0.510 | Ref | |
| Sexuality | 358 | 32 | 8.9 | 1.34 (0.32–5.59) | ||
| Mother to child | 12 | 0 | 0.0 | — | ||
| BMI | ||||||
| <18.5 | 85 | 18 | 21.2 | <0.001 | Ref | Ref |
| 18.5–25 | 268 | 15 | 5.6 | 0.26 (0.13–0.75)¥ | 0.31 (0.15–0.62)¥ | |
| >25 | 47 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.13 (1.33–0.52)¥ | 0.19 (0.02–1.48) | |
| WHO stage (current) | ||||||
| Stage 1 | 393 | 29 | 7.4 | <0.001 | Ref | Ref |
| Stage 2 | 3 | 2 | 66.7 | 9.03 (2.15–37.86)§ | 1.88 (0.24–14.94) | |
| Stage 3 | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | 13.55 (3.23–56.79)§ | 1.67 (0.20–14.12) | |
| Stage 4 | 2 | 1 | 50.0 | 6.77 (0.92–49.74) | 2.40 (0.24–24.09) | |
| Tested time for HIV positive (years) | ||||||
| <5 | 87 | 9 | 10.3 | 0.840 | Ref | |
| 5–10 | 266 | 21 | 7.9 | 1.31 (0.60–2.86) | ||
| 11–15 | 44 | 4 | 9.1 | 1.15 (0.40–3.35) | ||
| >15 | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | — | ||
| Treatment time | ||||||
| 3–5 | 168 | 14 | 8.3 | 0.980 | Ref | |
| 6–10 | 199 | 17 | 8.5 | 1.02 (0.50–2.08) | ||
| >10 | 33 | 3 | 9.1 | 1.09 (0.31–3.79) | ||
| Preexposure to cotrimoxazole | ||||||
| No | 26 | 3 | 11.5 | 0.560 | Ref | |
| Yes | 374 | 31 | 8.3 | 0.72 (0.22–2.34) | ||
| Preexposure to isoniazid | ||||||
| No | 21 | 5 | 23.8 | 0.010 | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 379 | 29 | 7.7 | 0.32 (0.12–0.83)¥ | 0.35 (0.14–0.91)¥ | |
| Viral load (<20 copies/ml) | ||||||
| Yes | 374 | 31 | 8.3 | 0.560 | Ref | |
| No | 26 | 3 | 11.5 | 0.72 (0.22–2.35) | ||
| Baseline CD4 count (cells/mm3) | ||||||
| >500 CD4 count | 193 | 15 | 7.8 | 0.002 | Ref | Ref |
| 350–499 CD4 count | 102 | 3 | 2.9 | 0.38 (0.11–1.31) | 1.93 (0.43–8.73) | |
| 200–349 CD4 count | 82 | 10 | 12.2 | 1.57 (0.70–3.49) | 0.61 (0.10–3.71) | |
| <200 CD4 count | 23 | 6 | 26.1 | 3.35 (1.30–8.65)¥ | 1.20 (0.28–5.20) | |
| AST (>37 U/L) | ||||||
| No | 262 | 19 | 7.3 | 0.210 | Ref | |
| Yes | 138 | 15 | 10.9 | 1.50 (0.76–2.94) | ||
| ALT (>40 U/L) | ||||||
| No | 260 | 25 | 9.6 | 0.270 | Ref | |
| Yes | 140 | 9 | 6.4 | 0.67 (0.31–1.43) | ||
| AST (>37 U/L) and ALT (>40 U/L) | ||||||
| No | 295 | 27 | 9.2 | 0.430 | Ref | |
| Yes | 105 | 7 | 6.7 | 0.73 (0.31–1.67) | ||
| Hemoglobin (>16 g/L) | ||||||
| No | 377 | 33 | 8.8 | 0.460 | Ref | |
| Yes | 23 | 1 | 4.4 | 0.49 (0.68–3.36) | ||
| Hemoglobin (<12 g/L) | ||||||
| No | 340 | 29 | 8.5 | 0.960 | Ref | |
| Yes | 60 | 5 | 8.3 | 0.97 (0.38–2.52) | ||
| WHO stage (started treatment) | ||||||
| Stage 1 | 69 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.130 | Ref | |
| Stage 2 | 44 | 5 | 11.4 | 7.84 (0.92–67.11) | ||
| Stage 3 | 200 | 19 | 9.5 | 6.55 (0.87–48.96) | ||
| Stage 4 | 87 | 9 | 10.3 | 7.14 (0.90–56.34) | ||
| Hepatitis B | ||||||
| No | 361 | 32 | 8.9 | 0.427 | Ref | |
| Yes | 39 | 2 | 5.1 | 1.58 (0.14–2.41) | ||
| Hepatitis C | ||||||
| No | 371 | 32 | 8.6 | 0.750 | Ref | |
| Yes | 29 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.80 (0.19–3.33) | ||
¥<0.05. §<0.001. aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio.