Table 2.
Clinical, echocardiography, and hemodynamics characteristics of the subjects based on PAH Severity.
| The characteristics | Mild PAH n = 13 | Moderate PAH n = 22 | Severe PAH n = 9 | p value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical and laboratory data | ||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.3 ± 10.9 | 38.2 ± 13.1 | 30.1 ± 9.4 | 0.030 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.467 | |||
| Male (%) | 2 (15.4) | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Female (%) | 11 (84.6) | 20 (90.9) | 9 (100) | |
| SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 115.1 ± 14.2 | 105.1 ± 15.4 | 97.0 ± 7.4 | 0.014 |
| DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 74.1 ± 9.8 | 73.2 ± 13.2 | 68.3 ± 9.7 | 0.488 |
| O2 saturation (%), median (IQR) | 97.6 ± 1.7 | 93.5 ± 3.6 | 93.0 ± 4.4 | 0.002 |
| W.H.O functional class, n (%) | 0.005 | |||
| I | 5 (38.5) | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0) | |
| II | 8 (61.5) | 20 (90.9) | 7 (77.8) | |
| III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 2.1 | 15.5 ± 2.4 | 0.029 |
| Hematocrit (%), mean ± SD | 40.8 ± 3.6 | 40.4 ± 6.7 | 46.3 ± 7.5 | 0.053 |
| Creatinine (g/dL), mean ± SD | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.917 |
| Endothelin-1 (pg/dL), mean ± SD | 587.52 ± 388.93 | 613.57 ± 297.38 | 948.09 ± 563.13 | 0.071 |
| Prostacyclin (pg/dL), median (IQR) | 319.78 (236.20–319.82) | 453.76 (383.01-1572-44) | 166.10 (85.14-900-31) | 0.128 |
| Nitric oxide (µmol/L), mean ± SD | 286.18 ± 88.42 | 349.12 ± 65.86 | 324.51 ± 71.92 | 0.064 |
|
| ||||
| Echocardiography data | ||||
| Minimum ASD diameter (cm), mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.761 |
| Maximum ASD diameter (cm), mean ± SD | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.620 |
| Right atrial dimension (cm), mean ± SD | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.065 |
| Right ventricle dimension (cm), mean ± SD | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 0.263 |
| Ejection fraction (%), mean ± SD | 68 ± 11 | 71 ± 9 | 74 ± 11 | 0.398 |
| TAPSE (cm), mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 0.375 |
| TVRG (mmHg), mean ± SD | 50.5 ± 16.7 | 82.6 ± 19.9 | 106.2 ± 27.1 | <0.001 |
| RVSP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 58.0 ± 16.4 | 90.1 ± 19.2 | 113.3 ± 27.1 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial dimension (cm), mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 0.009 |
| LVIDd (mm), mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.020 |
| Tricuspid valve regurgitation, n (%) | 0.065 | |||
| Mild | 2 (15.4) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Moderate | 10 (76.9) | 9 (40.9) | 5 (55.6) | |
| Severe | 1 (7.7) | 12 (54.5) | 4 (44.4) | |
| Shunt direction, n (%) | 0.021 | |||
| Left to right | 12 (92.3) | 10 (45.5) | 5 (55.6) | |
| Bidirectional | 1 (7.7) | 12 (54.5) | 4 (44.4) | |
|
| ||||
| Hemodynamics RHC data | ||||
| Mean pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Aorta, mean ± SD | 114.4 ± 22.5 | 100.9 ± 14.9 | 95.1 ± 12.3 | 0.028 |
| RV systolic, mean ± SD | 56.8 ± 11.3 | 89.9 ± 14.4 | 111.8 ± 22.8 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary artery, mean ± SD | 33.6 ± 4.6 | 51.6 ± 6.0 | 73.9 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (mmHg) | 11.6 ± 6.5 | 7.7 ± 4.7 | 10.8 ± 5.4 | 0.094 |
| O2 saturation (%) | ||||
| Aorta, mean ± SD | 93.3 ± 1.5 | 87.5 ± 6.1 | 85.2 ± 7.4 | 0.004 |
| Mixed vein, mean ± SD | 61.2 ± 19.3 | 55.5 ± 13.5 | 58.4 ± 4.2 | 0.530 |
| Left atrium, mean ± SD | 85.7 ± 25.9 | 83.6 ± 19.4 | 89.1 ± 5.6 | 0.784 |
| Right atrium, mean ± SD | 81.6 ± 5.9 | 71.2 ± 9.4 | 68.3 ± 7.1 | 0.001 |
| Pulmonary vein, mean ± SD | 95.5 ± 1.3 | 93.2 ± 6.1 | 94.1 ± 4.2 | 0.461 |
| Pulmonary artery, mean ± SD | 86.7 ± 4.9 | 74.8 ± 8.5 | 71.3 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| PVR (Woods unit), mean ± SD | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 15.6 ± 3.2 | 26.8 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Flow ratio, mean ± SD | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
∗One-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables or chi-squared test for categorical variable, comparison among PAH severity. QR: interquartile range, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, ASD: atrial septal defect, TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, TVRG: tricuspid valve regurgitant gradient, RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure, LVIDd: left ventricle internal diastolic diameter, PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance, and mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure.