Table 3.

Use of ASCs and dermal substitutes in in vivo wound models.

Characteristics of ASCs	Dermal substitute	Study model	Model	Reference
ASCs	Acellular dermal matrix (ADM)	Skin injury model in mice	ASCs survived after in vivo engraftment, spontaneously differentiated along vascular endothelial, fibroblastic and epidermal epithelial lineages, and significantly improved wound healing	[151]
ASCs	Silk fibroin-chitosan (SFCS) scaffold	Full-thickness skin defect in male athymic mice	The extent of wound closure and microvessel density were significantly enhanced in the ASC-SFCS group versus SFCS	[152]
Freshly isolated murine ASCs	Atelocollagen matrix (ACM)	Full-thickness skin defect in diabetic mice	Advanced granulation tissue formation, capillary formation, and epithelialization in diabetic healing-impaired wounds treated with autologous ASC-containing ACMS, compared with mice treated with ACMS alone	[153]
ASCs	Acellular dermal matrix (ADM)	Subcutaneous implants for soft tissue augmentation	The thickness of the implanted material and the vascular density were the highest 8 weeks postoperatively in ASC-seeded ADM as compared with ADM without ASCs	[154]
Cultured ASCs	Small intestinal submucosa (SIS); acellular dermal matrix (ADM); composite scaffold (collagen-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid (Co-CS-HA))	Murine skin injury model	ASC-seeded scaffolds enhanced the angiogenesis and wound-healing rate compared with the nonseeded scaffolds; SIS and ADM promoted higher vascularity than Co-CS-HA scaffolds	[155]
Freshly isolated ASCs	Integra®	Rat model of skin wound	Increased vascularization and collagen deposition after 1-3 weeks the implant with ASCs was seeded	[156]
Freshly porcine ASCs	Integra®	Full thickness thermal burns in swine	Accelerated maturation of wound bed tissue, significant increase in depth of the wound bed tissue, collagen deposition, and blood vessel density in wounds receiving ASC-loaded scaffolds compared to vehicle-loaded scaffolds	[157]
Cultured murine ASCs	Acellular dermal matrix (ADM)	Excisional wound-healing model in diabetic rats	Capillary density was evidently increased in the ASC–ADM group compared with the control or the ADM group, resulting in accelerated wound closure	[158]
Freshly isolated ASCs	Bilayer and Flowable Integra® scaffolds	Grafting of scaffolds in the dorsum of nude mice	Increased neovascularization and formation of new connective tissue (loose and adipose)	[159]
Cultured ASCs	Decellularized dermal matrix prepared from mouse skin	Full-thickness cutaneous wound in nude mice	Increased granulation thickness, reepithelization, blood vessel density	[160]
Freshly isolated ASCs	Bioengineered pigmented dermoepidermal skin substitutes (melDESS), composed of dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and ASCs	melDESS transplanted on the backs of immunodeficient rats	Decreased melanin synthesis and, consequently, greatly reduced pigmentation of melDESS	[161]
Cultured ASCs	Silk fibroin (SF)/chitosan (CS) film	Wound in diabetic rats	Wound healing was drastically enhanced for ADSC-SF/CS treatment groups compared with control groups and SF/CS film treatment groups	[162]
ASCs grown in 10% human plasma	Human acellular dermal matrix (Gliaderm®)	Full-thickness dorsal wounds in immunodeficient mice	Granulation thickness, vascularization, and reepithelialization were significantly increased, resulting in complete wound healing in 12 days	[163]