Table 5.

Univariable and multivariable analyses of associations with any noma cases (stage 0 to 5), 6–15 years

	Study population		Univariable analysis			Multivariable analysis
	Proportion of all respondents; n=2841; %(n/N*)	Proportion respondents with any noma stage; n=129; % (n/N*)	OR	CI	P value	aOR	CI	P value
Demographics
Child age (years)
6–10	74.9% (2127/2841)	76.0% (98/129)		Ref	0.722
11–15	25.1% (714/2841)	24.0% (31/129)	0.93	0.64 to 1.36
Child gender
Female	55.4% (1573/2841)	45.7% (59/129)		Ref	0.036		Ref	0.031
Male	44.6% (1268/2841)	54.3% (70/129)	1.5	1.03 to 2.20		1.52	1.04 to 2.22
Birth order
1–2	50.2% (1426/2841)	55.8% (72/129)		Ref	0.186		Ref	0.613
3 or more	49.8% (1415/2841)	44.2% (57/129)	0.79	0.56 to 1.12		0.9	0.61 to 1.34
Feeding practices
Colostrum given to baby
No	12.1% (341/2826)	11.7% (15/128)		Ref	0.856
Yes	87.9% (2485/2826)	88.3% (113/128)	1.06	0.57 to 1.98
Frequency of the child eating pap per week
<1 or never	28.5% (811/2841)	36.4% (47/129)		Ref	0.042		Ref	0.136
1 or more	71.5% (2030/2841)	63.6% (82/129)	0.68	0.47 to 0.98		1.87	0.83 to 4.21
Frequency of the caretaker preparing pap per week
<1 or never	28.5% (809/2841)	38.8% (50/129)		Ref	0.011		Ref	0.015
1 or more	71.5% (2032/2841)	61.2% (79/129)	0.61	0.42 to 0.89		0.36	0.16 to 0.82
Animal products eaten in the 24 hours before the interview
No	91.0% (2585/2841)	94.6% (122/129)		Ref	0.265
Yes	9.0% (256/2841)	5.4% (7/129)	0.57	0.22 to 1.52
Grains eaten in the 24 hours before the interview
No	18.2% (516/2841)	15.5% (20/129)		Ref	0.455
Yes	81.8% (2325/2841)	84.5% (109/129)	1.22	0.73 to 2.04
Vegetables eaten in the 24 hours before the interview
No	66.1% (1877/2841)	71.3% (92/129)		Ref	0.293
Yes	33.9% (964/2841)	28.7% (37/129)	0.78	0.50 to 1.23
Health
Are the teeth ever cleaned (self-reported)
No	3.1% (88/2823)	4.7% (6/128)		Ref	0.372
Yes	96.9% (2735/2823)	95.3% (122/128)	0.63	0.23 to 1.73
Teeth cleaning method (self-reported)
Toothbrush	23.8% (677/2841)	18.6% (24/129)		Ref	0.654
Ash or cloth	1.9% (55/2841)	2.3% (3/129)	1.54	0.45 to 5.32
Salt and water or stick	16.4% (466/2841)	15.5% (20/129)	1.26	0.68 to 2.32
None or other	57.8% (1643/2841)	63.6% (82/129)	1.44	0.82 to 2.52
Teeth cleaning frequency per day (self-reported)
Once or twice	95.2% (2687/2823)	93.0% (119/128)		Ref	0.275
Less than once	4.8% (136/2823)	7.0% (9/128)	1.53	0.72 to 3.26
Any vaccinations listed on vaccination card
No	88.5% (2513/2841)	86.0% (111/129)		Ref	0.451
Yes	11.5% (328/2841)	14.0% (18/129)	1.24	0.71 to 2.17
Polio vaccination (self-report)
No	29.8% (846/2841)	24.0% (31/129)		Ref	0.131		Ref	0.113
Yes	70.2% (1995/2841)	76.0% (98/129)	1.36	0.91 to 2.01		1.4	0.92 to 2.13
Child sick last 12 months
No	30.7% (871/2841)	24.0% (31/129)		Ref	0.148		Ref	0.138
Yes	69.3% (1970/2841)	76.0% (98/129)	1.39	0.89 to 2.18		1.51	0.88 to 2.60
How many times was child sick during last 12 months
0–1	51.1% (1451/2841)	46.5% (60/129)		Ref	0.379
2 or more	48.9% (1390/2841)	53.5% (69/129)	1.19	0.81 to 1.74
Did you seek healthcare for this child in the last year?
No	50.1% (1422/2841)	47.3% (61/129)		Ref	0.62
Yes	49.9% (1419/2841)	52.7% (68/129)	1.1	0.75 to 1.63
Difficulties accessing healthcare (cost, time, distance)
Didn't seek care	50.1% (1422/2841)	47.3% (61/129)		Ref	0.068		Ref	0.259
No difficulties	43.9% (1247/2841)	41.9% (54/129)	0.99	0.63 to 1.55		0.78	0.45 to 1.36
Yes, there were difficulties	6.1% (172/2841)	10.9% (14/129)	1.98	1.12 to 3.51		1.44	0.73 to 2.85
Caretaker and household information
Caretaker age (years)
Under 30	21.5% (611/2841)	20.2% (26/129)		Ref	0.731
30 or older	78.5% (2230/2841)	79.8% (103/129)	1.08	0.69 to 1.69
Caretaker gender
Female	97.5% (2770/2841)	99.2% (128/129)		Ref	0.271
Male	2.5% (71/2841)	0.8% (1/129)	0.32	0.04 to 2.40
Primary caretaker of the child interviewed
Other	7.6% (216/2841)	8.5% (11/129)		Ref	0.712
Mother	92.4% (2625/2841)	91.5% (118/129)	0.87	0.43 to 1.78
Total number of household members
0–6	58.1% (1650/2841)	67.4% (87/129)		Ref	0.025		Ref	0.145
Above 6	41.9% (1191/2841)	32.6% (42/129)	0.66	0.46 to 0.95		0.74	0.49 to 1.11
Drinking water source
Other (borehole, river, tap)	57.8% (1641/2841)	54.3% (70/129)		Ref	0.498
Well	42.2% (1200/2841)	45.7% (59/129)	1.16	0.79 to 1.87
Water treatment
No	69.1% (1964/2841)	65.1% (84/129)		Ref	0.376
Yes (strain through cloth, let stand and settle, boil)	30.9% (877/2841)	34.9% (45/129)	1.21	0.79 to 1.87
Wealth score (mobile phone, motorbike, tractor, camel)
0–1	62.9% (1787/2841)	70.5% (91/129)		Ref	0.063		Ref	0.19
2–4	37.1% (1054/2841)	29.5% (38/129)	0.7	0.48 to 1.02		0.77	0.52 to 1.14

Analysis adjusted for the survey design.

Variables with 10 or more cases and a p<0.2 in the univariable analysis included in the multivariable model (child gender, birth order, frequency of the child eating pap per week, frequency of the caretaker preparing pap per week, polio vaccination, child sick last 12 months, difficulties accessing health carehealthcare, total number of household members, wealth score.

P value from logistic regression model.

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; p, p value from logistic regression model.