Table 3.

Predictors of violence against field healthcare workers who experienced violence (n=2303)

	Any form of violence		Physical violence		Verbal violence
	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Age
18–29 (n=875)	1		1		1
30–44 (n=1196)	0.91 (0.70 to 1.17)	0.467	1.55 (0.95 to 2.53)	0.079	0.77 (0.59 to 1.01)	0.051
45 and above (320)	0.86 (0.58 to 1.26)	0.451	2.04 (0.92 to 4.53)	0.079	0.71 (0.47 to 1.08)	0.111
Work experience
1–4 years (n=966)	1		1		1
5–9 years (n=579)	0.82 (0.63 to 1.07)	0.162	0.60 (0.35 to 1.01)	0.055	0.80 (0.61 to 1.05)	0.117
10 years and above (n=846)	0.67 (0.47 to 0.89)	0.008	0.34 (0.18 to 0.65)	0.001	0.63 (0.46 to 0.88)	0.008
Gender
Male (n=1260)	1		1		1
Female (n=1131)	1.57 (1.18 to 2.09)	0.002	1.01 (0.53 to 1.95)	0.955	1.56 (1.16 to 2.10)	0.003
Province
Punjab (n=748)	1		1		1
Sindh (n=760)	2.31 (1.82 to 2.93)	<0.001	3.00 (1.68 to 5.35)	<0.001	2.25 (1.75 to 2.90)	<0.001
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n=706)	2.38 (1.87 to 3.03)	<0.001	2.44 (1.35 to 4.40)	0.003	2.15 (1.67 to 2.76)	<0.001
Islamabad (n=177)	0.52 (0.32 to 0.82)	0.006	0.83 (0.27 to 2.56)	0.759	0.36 (0.21 to 0.64)	<0.001
Job title
LHW (n=710)	1		1		1
EVO (n=420)	2.1 (1.42 to 3.09)	<0.001	0.90 (0.38 to 2.09)	0.807	1.97 (1.31 to 2.94)	0.001
Vaccinator (n=924)	1.25 (0.94 to 1.66)	0.125	0.58 (0.31 to 1.10)	0.097	1.20 (0.90 to 1.62)	0.204
EMT (n=249)	1.25 (0.81 to 1.94)	0.305	1.05 (0.42 to 2.57)	0.912	1.09 (0.68 to 1.72)	0.711
Security index
Low (n=795)	1		1		1
Moderate (801)	0.94 (0.75 to 1.18)	0.619	0.75 (0.47 to 1.19)	0.225	1.00 (0.79 to 1.26)	0.979
High (795)	0.96 (0.76 to 1.20)	0.749	0.76 (0.48 to 1.21)	0.255	1.11 (0.88 to 1.41)	0.352

EMT, emergency medical technician; EVO, emergency vehicle operator; LHW, lady health worker.