Table 4.
Predictors of violence against healthcare workers in tertiary care hospitals who experienced violence (n=2815)
| Any form of violence | Physical violence | Verbal violence | ||||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–29 (n=1511) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 30–44 (n=1054) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.28) | 0.61 | 1.28 (0.92 to 1.80) | 0.136 | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) | 0.61 |
| 45 and above (250) | 1.33 (0.93 to 1.89) | 0.114 | 1.20 (0.67 to 2.14) | 0.52 | 1.33 (0.93 to 1.90) | 0.111 |
| Work experience | ||||||
| 1–4 years (n=1730) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 5–9 years (n=503) | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.31) | 0.692 | 1.18 (0.80 to 1.73) | 0.4 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.27) | 0.904 |
| 10 years and above (n=582) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.18) | 0.496 | 1.10 (0.72 to 1.68) | 0.655 | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.10) | 0.22 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (n=1582) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female (n=1233) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.18) | 0.918 | 0.77 (0.55 to 1.07) | 0.126 | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.22) | 0.851 |
| City | ||||||
| Lahore (n=722) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Karachi (n=737) | 3.25 (2.52 to 4.18) | <0.001 | 2.61 (1.63 to 4.18) | <0.001 | 3.38 (2.61 to 4.37) | <0.001 |
| Peshawar (n=627) | 2.16 (1.64 to 2.83) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.20 to 3.36) | 0.008 | 2.07 (1.57 to 2.74) | <0.001 |
| Islamabad (n=729) | 2.47 (1.95 to 3.13) | <0.001 | 1.57 (0.98 to 2.51) | 0.057 | 2.53 (1.99 to 3.22) | <0.001 |
| Type of hospital | ||||||
| Public (n=1414) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Private (n=1401) | 0.55 (0.46 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.38 to 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.48 to 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Department | ||||||
| Diagnostics (n=252) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medicine and allied (n=619) | 1.25 (0.84 to 1.85) | 0.255 | 3.00 (1.10 to 8.18) | 0.032 | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.54) | 0.849 |
| Surgery and allied (n=634) | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.47) | 0.966 | 3.29 (1.23 to 8.81) | 0.018 | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.33) | 0.631 |
| Paediatrics (n=427) | 1.30 (0.86 to 1.95) | 0.205 | 3.26 (1.17 to 9.09) | 0.023 | 1.07 (0.71 to 1.62) | 0.735 |
| Gynaecology and obstetrics (n=406) | 1.15 (0.76 to 1.73) | 0.5 | 3.02 (1.07 to 8.54) | 0.036 | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.52) | 0.974 |
| Emergency (n=477) | 1.81 (1.22 to 2.69) | 0.003 | 5.84 (2.17 to 15.72) | <0.001 | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.08) | 0.103 |
| Job title | ||||||
| Administration (n=137) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Intern/resident (n=475) | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.44) | 0.777 | 0.72 (0.35 to 1.45) | 0.364 | 1.06 (0.68 to 1.65) | 0.787 |
| Medical officer (n=569) | 0.78 (0.52 to 1.18) | 0.25 | 0.54 (0.28 to 1.04) | 0.066 | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.31) | 0.496 |
| Consultant (n=131) | 1.00 (0.58 to 1.70) | 1 | 0.80 (0.34 to 1.89) | 0.618 | 1.27 (0.74 to 2.19) | 0.374 |
| Nurse (n=602) | 1.03 (0.68 to 1.55) | 0.873 | 0.54 (0.27 to 1.05) | 0.071 | 1.21 (0.79 to 1.84) | 0.374 |
| Technician (n=566) | 1.05 (0.69 to 1.61) | 0.802 | 0.68 (0.35 to 1.33) | 0.263 | 1.12 (0.72 to 1.73) | 0.6 |
| Housekeeping staff (n=180) | 1.09 (0.67 to 1.76) | 0.711 | 0.80 (0.38 to 1.69) | 0.571 | 1.04 (0.64 to 1.70) | 0.859 |
| Security guard (n=155) | 1.96 (1.19 to 3.21) | 0.008 | 1.84 (0.93 to 3.64) | 0.078 | 1.77 (1.07 to 2.92) | 0.024 |
| Security index | ||||||
| Low (n=242) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Moderate (n=736) | 1.24 (0.90 to 1.70) | 0.174 | 1.04 (0.63 to 1.74) | 0.856 | 1.19 (0.86 to 1.64) | 0.277 |
| High (n=1837) | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.74) | 0.155 | 1.09 (0.65 to 1.84) | 0.731 | 1.28 (0.92 to 1.77) | 0.131 |