Table 5.
Predictors of violence against healthcare workers in secondary care hospitals who experienced violence (n=1928)
| Any form of violence | Physical violence | Verbal violence | ||||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–29 (n=726) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 30–44 (n=897) | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.24) | 0.781 | 1.26 (0.77 to 2.05) | 0.35 | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.41) | 0.541 |
| 45 and above (305) | 1.15 (0.77 to 1.71) | 0.492 | 1.01 (0.48 to 2.11) | 0.97 | 1.26 (0.84 to 1.90) | 0.255 |
| Work experience | ||||||
| 1–4 years (n=792) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 5–9 years (n=536) | 1.31 (1.01 to 1.70) | 0.039 | 1.50 (0.92 to 2.45) | 0.099 | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.57) | 0.152 |
| 10 years and above (n=600) | 1.00 (0.72 to 1.39) | 0.973 | 1.12 (0.62 to 2.04) | 0.699 | 0.78 (0.56 to 1.09) | 0.151 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (n=1341) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female (n=587) | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.26) | 0.801 | 0.77 (0.47 to 1.26) | 0.306 | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.31) | 0.992 |
| City | ||||||
| Punjab (n=689) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Sindh (n=579) | 0.53 (0.41 to 0.68) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.60 to 3.83) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.46 to 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n=660) | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.89) | 0.005 | 0.63 (0.36 to 1.10) | 0.107 | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Type of hospital | ||||||
| Private hospital (n=950) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| District headquarter hospital (n=448) | 1.93 (1.52 to 2.45) | <0.001 | 1.52 (0.97 to 2.38) | 0.062 | 2.08 (1.63 to 2.64) | <0.001 |
| Tehsil headquarter hospital (n=530) | 1.58 (1.26 to 2.00) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.30 to 3.05) | 0.001 | 1.65 (1.31 to 2.09) | <0.001 |
| Department | ||||||
| Diagnostics (n=221) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Emergency (n=270) | 2.28 (1.49 to 3.50) | <0.001 | 2.77 (1.16 to 6.61) | 0.022 | 2.01 (1.30 to 3.09) | 0.001 |
| Medicine and allied (n=537) | 1.09 (0.74 to 1.61) | 0.631 | 1.23 (0.51 to 2.95) | 0.634 | 0.96 (0.64 to 1.42) | 0.843 |
| Surgery and allied (n=401) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.23) | 0.374 | 1.30 (0.55 to 3.10) | 0.543 | 0.75 (0.50 to 1.12) | 0.169 |
| Paediatrics (n=247) | 1.76 (1.14 to 2.72) | 0.011 | 1.66 (0.66 to 4.17) | 0.281 | 1.52 (0.98 to 2.37) | 0.059 |
| Gynaecology and obstetrics (n=252) | 1.57 (1.00 to 2.49) | 0.05 | 1.14 (0.43 to 3.02) | 0.791 | 1.30 (0.82 to 2.06) | 0.264 |
| Job title | ||||||
| Support staff (n=178) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Doctor (741) | 1.35 (0.96 to 1.91) | 0.083 | 0.56 (0.32 to 0.97) | 0.039 | 1.89 (1.32 to 2.71) | 0.001 |
| Nurse (n=501) | 1.24 (0.84 to 1.84) | 0.268 | 0.57 (0.30 to 1.09) | 0.09 | 1.53 (1.02 to 2.30) | 0.04 |
| Technician (n=508) | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.43) | 0.898 | 0.43 (0.22 to 0.81) | 0.009 | 1.31 (0.88 to 1.96) | 0.18 |
| Security index | ||||||
| Low (n=841) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Moderate (n=919) | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.33) | 0.515 | 0.84 (0.56 to 1.25) | 0.41 | 1.19 (0.95 to 1.48) | 0.119 |
| High (n=168) | 1.52 (1.04 to 2.22) | 0.03 | 1.20 (0.62 to 2.32) | 0.587 | 1.73 (1.18 to 2.54) | 0.005 |