Table 1.

Effects of the monomers, extracts, or formulas of herbal medicines on apoptosis-related pathway molecules.

Herbal medicine	Cell	Dose	Treatment time	Animal	Dose	Treatment time	Pathway	Related targets	Reference
Baicalein	HCT-116	25, 50, 100 μM	24 h	Male ICR mice (five weeks old)	1, 5, 10 mg/kg/d	14 w	NF-κB, extrinsic pathway	Pro-caspase-3/-8/-9, PARP, pIκBα, p50, p65, iNOS, MMP-2 ↓ cleaved PARP, PPARγ ↑	Kim D. H. et al., 2013
Wogonoside	HCT116, HT29, THP-1 cells	50, 100, 150 μM	24 h	C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old)	100 mg/kg	15 w	P13K/AKt, NF-κB pathway	P13K, p-AKt, IKKα, IκBα, NF-κB, p65, p-p65, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Cyclin D1, survivin ↓	Sun et al., 2016
Oroxylin A	HCT-116	25, 50, 100 μM	1 h	Male and female C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old)	50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d	100 d	NF-κB, IL-6/STAT3 pathway	IL-6, IL-1β, p-STAT3, STAT3↓	Yang et al., 2013
Silibinin	IMCE and HCT-116	50, 100, 200, 400, 800 μM	72 h	Female C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks old)	750 mg/kg/d	10 w	IL-6/STAT3 pathway	IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, p-STAT3↓	Zheng et al., 2018
Nobiletin and its metabolites	RAW 264.7 cells, HCT116 cells	0.5, 1, 2 μg/ml	24 h	Male CD-1 mice	500 ppm nobiletin in diets	20 w	Nrf2 pathway, Cell cycle pathway	iNOS, cyclinE, cyclinD, CDK6, CDK4, CDK2 ↓ Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, p21, p27, p53↑	Wu et al., 2017
Phytosomal curcumin	CT-26	0-1000 μM	24/48/72 h	Female C57/6 mice (8 weeks old)	25 mg/kg/d	62 d	WNT /β-catenin pathway	β-catenin,cyclin D1 ↓	Marjaneh et al., 2018
Resveratrol				Male and female C57BL/6 mice (8–12 weeks old)	300 ppm resveratrol in diets	9 w	Oxidative stress, NF-κB pathway	iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, p53↓	Cui et al., 2010
Isoliquiritigenin				Male BALB/c mice (6 weeks old)	20,100,500 μg/ml isoliquiritige in diets	12 w	Oxidative stress	iNOS, COX-2, CD206↓	Feng, 2017
Pristimerin				Female BALB/c mice (5 weeks old)	1-5 ppm Pristimerin diets	10 w	NF-κ B, AKT/FOXO3a pathway, extrinsic/intrinsic pathway, cell cycle	P-AKT, p-FOXO3a, TNF-α, IL-6, Q-iNOS, COX-2, IκB-α, PCNA, cyclinD1, CDC25A, Bcl-2, NF-κB, Bcl-Xl, p65↓ p21, p27, cleaved caspase-3, -7, -8, and -9, cleaved PARP ↑	Park et al., 2018
Celastrol	HCT116, HT-29 cells	0-40 μM	24,48h	Male C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old), male BALB/c-nu mice (5 weeks old)	2 mg/kg/d 1, 2 mg/kg	14 w 18 d	NF-κB pathway, p53-related pathway, EMT-related pathway	NF-κBp65, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, p53, p-p53, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, β-catenin ↓ E-cadherin ↑	Lin et al., 2016
Triptolide	SW480 cells Caco2 cells	10, 30, 100, 300 nM	24,48,72 h	Male ICR mice	0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg/d	20 w	JAK/STAT3 pathway, Cell cycle pathway	IL-6R, IL-6, JAK1, STAT3, Rac1, Cyclin D1, CDK 4 ↓	Wang et al., 2009
Crocin				Male ICR Mice (4 weeks old)	50, 100, 200 ppm crocin in diets	15/4 w	NF-κB signaling pathway	NF-κ B, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 ↓ Nrf2 ↑	Kawabata et al., 2012
Oleuropein				Female C57BL/6 mice	50, 100 mg/kg	8 w	NF-κB pathway, WNT/β-catenin pathway, IL-6/STAT 3 pathway, P53-related pathway, P13K/AKt pathway	p65, NF-κ B, TNF-α, β-catenin, Cox-2, IL-6, STAT3, AKt, IFN-γ, IL-17A↓ Bax ↑	Ginger et al., 2016
Embelin	HCT116	20 μmol/L	1-24 h	Male C57BL/6 mice (6-8weeks)	50 mg/kg	85 d	IL-6/STAT3 pathway	IL-6, p-STAT3, IL-1β, IL-17a, IL-23 ↓ p-SHP2 ↑	Dai et al., 2014
Parthenolide				Female Balb/C mice (6 weeks old)	2, 4 mg/kg	68 d	NF-κB pathway	IĸBα, NF-ĸB-p65, Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl ↓ Caspase-3 ↑	Kim et al., 2015
Extract of  Artemisia  princeps  Pampanini cv.  Sajabal (EAPP)	HT-29 HT-116	60, 120, 180 μg/ml	6 h	Male ICR mice	25 mg/kg/d three times a week	9 w	NF-κB extrinsic/intrinsic pathway	P65, survivin, cFLIP, cIAP, XIAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl, Mcl-1, TNF-α,P- IL-1β↓ Q-PARP-1↑	Chung et al., 2015
American Ginseng (Hexane fraction)	ANA-1 murine macrophage, TK6 lymphoblastoid cells, CD4+/CD25- effector T cells	260 μg/ml, 0-1000 μg/ml, 0-300 μg/ml	24 h	Mice	11.9 mg/kg/d	35/50 d	Oxidative stress pathway	iNOS, COX-2 ↓	Poudyal et al., 2012
Cocoa				Female BALB/c mice	5%, 10% cocoa in diets	62 d	NF-κB/ IL-6/STAT3, extrinsic pathway	Bcl-Xl, IL-6, CD68+, PCNA, IL-17, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, p-STAT3Y705↓ Bax, caspase-3↑	Saadatdoust et al., 2015
Licorice flavoids (LFs)				Female C57BL/6 mice	50, 100 mg/kg/d	10 w	NF-κB/IL-6/Jak2/Stat3, p53 pathway	iNOS, Cox-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PCNA, NF-κB, IKKα/β,p-IκBp-Jak2, p-Stat3, Bcl-2, CyclinD1↓ Bax, p-P53, P21↑	Huo et al., 2016
Ganoderma lucidum triterpene extract				Male ICR mice (5weeks old)	0, 100, 500 mg/kg (three times per week)	17 w	NF-κB, cell cycle pathway	CyclinD1, COX-2, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 ↓	Sliva et al., 2012
Nanoparticles derived from edible ginger	RAW264.7 cells, Caco-2BBE, Colon-26 cells	0-100 μg/ml	24h	Female C57BL/6 or FVB/NJ mice (6-8 weeks old)	0.3 mg/mouse	19 w	Cell cycle pathway	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CyclinD1↓ IL-10, IL-22 ↑	Zhang M. et al., 2016
Tea polysaccharide (TPS)	CT-26 cells	20-320 μg/ml	48h	BALB/c mice	0-200 mg/kg	13 w	Cell cycle pathway	CyclinD1, MMP-2, MMP-9↓	Liu L. Q. et al., 2018
Tea polyphenols				Male BALB/c mice (4 weeks old)	0.1% in water	42 days	WNT/β-catenin pathway	COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, β-catenin, C-myc ↓ IL-4, IL-10↑	Mo et al., 2017
Lentinan	RAW264.7 cells	0.5, 1, 2 mg/ml	24h	Female C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice	5, 10, 20 mg/kg, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg	7 or 20 d, 7 d 21 d	TLR4/NF-κB pathway	MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6, IKBKB, NF-κB-p65, NF-κB, IL-13, CD30L ↓	Liu Y. et al., 2018
Huangqin Decoction				Male C57BL/6 mice (8-week old)	9.1 g/kg	16 w	Oxidative stress pathway	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CSF-1, MCP-1, COX-2, MPO, MDA,8-oxoguanine, nitrotyrosine ↓	Chen et al., 2016
ShaoYao decoction (SYD)				Male C57BL/6J mice (6and 8 weeks old)	7.12 g/kg, twice a day	15 w	NF-κB pathway	β-catenin, COX-2, p53, p65, PCNA, N-cadherin, fibronectin, vimentin, Snail, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α↓ E-cadherin↑	Lin et al., 2014
Shenling Baizhu San	SW480, HCT116. Cells	0-16 μg/ml	12/24h	Male C57BL/6 J mice	7.28 g/kg (twice a day)	15 w	TGF-β1, WNT/β-catenin pathway	TGF-β1, Wnt5a, β-catenin, PCNA, p53, N-cadherin, vimentin, Fibronectin, Snail ↓ E-cadherin, Axin, Dvl2, GSK-3β↑	Lin et al., 2015