TABLE 2.
Comparison of demographic and background characteristics between groups with FOSSQ + and FOSSQ – adjusted for age and disease severity according to CDR.
| Mean ± SD |
Non-adjusted |
Adjusted |
||||
| FOSSQ + | FOSSQ− | t/χ2 | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| N | 85 | 581 | ||||
| Age, years | 77.3 ± 10.1 | 74.6 ± 11.3 | 2.20 | 0.028 | NA | |
| CDR, 0/0.5/1/2/3 | 2/9/23/31/20 | 51/288/128/88/26 | 87.79 | <0.001 | NA | |
| Female, N (%) | 39 (45.9) | 328 (56.3) | 3.35 | NS | 0.56 (0.34–0.92) | 0.023 |
| Education, years | 5.7 ± 11.3 | 5.8 ± 4.9 | −0.14 | NS | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | NS |
| IADL | 1.4 ± 2.4 | 4.3 ± 3.3 | −7.97 | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.77–1.16) | NS |
| MoCA | 6.3 ± 6.2 | 12.2 ± 8.2 | −6.36 | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | NS |
| CASI | 37.7 ± 23.6 | 58.6 ± 25.4 | −7.18 | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | NS |
| NPI | 14.0 ± 11.8 | 5.4 ± 7.9 | 8.73 | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | <0.001 |
| UPDRS-M | 30.9 ± 19.9 | 18.2 ± 16.6 | 8.34 | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.002 |
| DLB features | ||||||
| Fluctuation | 56 (65.9) | 60 (10.3) | 159.11 | <0.001 | 10.22 (5.76–18.13) | <0.001 |
| VH | 26 (30.6) | 30 (5.2) | 62.24 | <0.001 | 4.18 (2.20–7.95) | <0.001 |
| Parkinsonism | 58 (68.2) | 148 (25.5) | 63.27 | <0.001 | 4.68 (2.77–7.91) | <0.001 |
| RBD | 21 (24.7) | 56 (9.6) | 16.46 | <0.001 | 2.84 (1.52–5.29) | <0.001 |
| DaTabN | 12 (63.2) | 20 (30.3) | 6.78 | 0.009 | 1.16 (0.23–3.29) | NS |
| History of CVA | 26 (30.6) | 128 (22.0) | 3.06 | NS | 1.11 (0.63–1.94) | NS |
FOSSQ, Freezing of Speech Single Questionnaire; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating scale; N, number of cases; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant; OR, odds ratio; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CASI, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; NPI, total score of the twelve-domain Neuropsychiatric Inventory; UPDRS-M, motor subscale of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale in 28 NC, 34 AD, 34 VCI, and 25 DLB; VH, visual hallucinations; RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder; DaTabN, abnormal dopamine transporter imaging in 29 NC, 15 AD, 17 VCI, and 24 DLB; CVA, cerebrovascular accident.