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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020 Apr 2;40(5):1078–1093. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.313131

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Genetic and cellular determinants that regulate pyrophosphate and phosphate homeostasis and the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the ECM. The key enzymes (ENPP1, CD73 and ALP) and transporters (ANK and ABCC6) that mediate the ATP metabolic pathway and pyrophosphate catalysis are detailed. The functions of matrix vesicle (MV) that carry and transport calcium/phosphate (Ca++/Pi) and matrix proteins to ECM for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals and the secretion factors that are important for calcium binding and inhibition of the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals (MGP, OPN and Fetuin-A) are highlighted.