TABLE 2.

In vivo anticancer effects of citrus peel extract¹

Sample	Animal models	Dose (route)	Duration	Effects	Reference
Citrus junos	HT-29 cells implanted mice	100 mg/kg/d (i.p.)	4 wk	Reduced tumor size, disease activity index and colon shortening	113
C. aurantium	A549 cells injected in mice tail vein	Twice weekly (i.p.)	5 wk	Reduced cancer metastasis	40
C. reticulata	Treated leukemic cells injected into mice	—	2/10 wk	Reduced number of tumor cells and increased mice survival time	106
C. sinensis	AOM-induced carcinogenesis in mice	0.2% in diet	26 wk	Reduced number and size of ACF, tumor burden, and incidence	128
C. sinensis	Western diet inducing cancer	0.25%/0.5% in diet	9 wk	Reduced tumor number, multiplicity, and induced apoptosis	129
Multiple citrus	DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in mice	100/200 µL twice weekly (cream application)	20 wk	Reduced epidermal thickness, number of papillomas, tumor incidence, and tumor weight	127
C. unshiu	Double-TPA application to ICR mouse skin	8.1 nmol/30 min	24 h	Inhibit NO and O2− generation	56
Multiple citrus	PC-3 cells implanted in mice	1/2 mg/kg 5 d/wk (i.p.) and 2 or 4 mg/kg 5 d/wk (o.p.)	3 wk	Suppressed tumor size	126
Multiple citrus	AOM-induced carcinogenesis in mice	100/200 µL 5 d/wk (o.p.)	6 wk	Reduced number of ACF	126
C. iyo	DU145 cells implanted in mice	50/200 mg/kg thrice weekly (i.p.)	4 wk	Suppressed tumor growth	75
C. depressa	TEWL and epidermal thickness in UVB-irradiated mouse skin	100 µL of 10%/d	1 wk	Reduce photoaging in mice	130
C. sinensis	HepG2 cells implanted in mice	1/10 mg/kg thrice weekly in diet	3 wk	Reduced tumor growth	120
C. sinensis	AOM-induced carcinogenesis in mice	0.01/0.05% in diet	4/18 wk	Reduced number of ACF	125

¹ACF, aberrant crypt foci; AOM, azoxymethane; DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene; ICR, Institute of Cancer Research; i.p., intraperitoneal injection; o.p., oral injection; TEWL, transepidermal water loss; TPA, tissue plasminogen activator.