TABLE 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics by gender and treatment
| Women | Men | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | A: overall total sample (N = 9361) | B: all women (N = 3332) | C: standard women (N = 1648) | D: intensive women (N = 1684) | E: all men (N = 6029) | F: standard men (N = 3035) | G: intensive men (N = 2994) | H: P value for gender treatment subgroup (C, D, F, G) | I: P value for all women versus all men (B, E) | J: P value for standard versus intensive women (C, D) | K: P value for standard versus intensive men (F, G) |
| Age in yearsa | 67.9 (9.4) | 67.9 (9.5) | 68.7 (9.6) | 68.4 (9.5) | 67.6 (9.4) | 67.5 (9.4) | 67.7 (9.3) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.41 |
| Self-reported race or ethnic groupb | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.47 | |||||||
| African American | 2802 (29.9) | 1271 (38.1) | 641 (38.9) | 630 (37.4) | 1531 (25.4) | 782 (25.8) | 749 (25.0) | ||||
| Hispanic | 984 (10.5) | 454 (13.6) | 229 (13.9) | 225 (13.4) | 530 (8.8) | 252 (8.3) | 278 (9.3) | ||||
| Other | 176 (1.9) | 55(1.7) | 21 (1.3) | 34 (2.0) | 121 (2.0) | 57 (1.9) | 64 (2.1) | ||||
| White | 5399 (57.7) | 1552 (46.6) | 757 (45.9) | 795 (47.2) | 1552 (46.6) | 1944 (64.1) | 1903 (63.6) | ||||
| Educationb | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.93 | |||||||
| Less than high school | 876 (9.4) | 387 (11.7) | 197 (12.0) | 190 (11.3) | 489 (8.1) | 248 (8.2) | 241 (8.1) | ||||
| High school diploma or G.E.D | 1520 (16.3) | 598 (18.0) | 282 (17.2) | 316 (18.8) | 922 (15.3) | 464 (15.3) | 458 (15.3) | ||||
| Post-high school | 3313 (35.5) | 1248 (37.6) | 613 (37.3) | 635 (37.9) | 2065 (34.3) | 1027 (33.9) | 1038 (34.7) | ||||
| College graduate | 3635 (38.9) | 1088 (32.8) | 552 (33.6) | 536 (32.0) | 2548 (42.3) | 1292 (42.6) | 1255 (41.9) | ||||
| Lives with other adultsb | 6627 (70.9) | 2005 (60.4) | 997 (60.7) | 1008 (60.1) | 4623 (76.8) | 2315 (76.4) | 2307 (77.1) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.73 | 0.50 |
| Insuredb | 8360 (89.6) | 2920 (88.1) | 1452 (88.5) | 1468 (87.6) | 5440 (90.4) | 2729 (90.2) | 2711 (90.7) | 0.0033 | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking statusb | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.59 | |||||||
| Never | 4122 (44.2) | 1825 (55.0) | 901 (54.8) | 924 (55.1) | 2297 (38.2) | 1171 (38.7) | 1126 (37.7%) | ||||
| Former | 3973 (42.6) | 1055 (31.8) | 532 (32.4) | 523 (31.2) | 2918 (48.5) | 1464 (48.4) | 1454 (48.6) | ||||
| Current | 1240 (13.3) | 440 (13.3) | 210 (12.8) | 230 (13.7) | 800 (13.3) | 391 (12.9) | 409 (13.7) | ||||
| Pack-years of smokinga | 12.3 (20.4) | 7.8 (15.5) | 7.5 (14.8) | 8.0 (16.2) | 14.9 (22.2) | 14.6 (22.0) | 15.1 (22.4) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.39 |
| Alcohol: drinks/typical weeka | 2.0 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.8) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.8) | 2.1 (1.6) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.36 |
| Vigorous physical activityb | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.27 | |||||||
| Rarely or never | 2520 (27.1) | 1171 (35.3) | 583 (35.5) | 588 (35.2) | 1349 (22.5) | 659 (21.8) | 690 (23.1) | ||||
| One to three times per month | 1512 (16.2) | 526 (15.9) | 268 (16.3) | 258 (15.4) | 986 (16.4) | 515 (17.1) | 471 (15.8) | ||||
| One time per week | 1005 (10.8) | 351 (10.6) | 166 (10.1) | 185 (11.1) | 654 (10.9) | 326 (10.8) | 328(11.0) | ||||
| Two to four times per week | 3024 (32.5) | 959 (28.9) | 471 (28.7) | 488 (29.2) | 2065 (34.4) | 1062 (35.2) | 1003 (33.6) | ||||
| More than five times per week | 1253 (13.5) | 306 (9.2) | 154 (9.4) | 152 (9.1) | 947 (15.8) | 458 (15.2) | 489 (16.4) | ||||
| SBP (mmHg)a | 139.7 (15.6) | 141.2 (16.8) | 141.2 (16.9) | 141.3 (16.8) | 138.8 (14.8) | 138.8 (14.4) | 138.8 (15.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| DBP (mmHg)a | 78.1 (11.9) | 77.6 (12.2) | 77.3 (12.3) | 78.0 (12.1) | 78.4 (11.8) | 78.4 (11.8) | 78.4(11.8) | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.84 |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 1877 (20.1) | 510 (15.3) | 266 (16.1) | 244 (14.5) | 1367 (22.7) | 671 (22.1) | 696 (23.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.29 |
| Chronic kidney diseaseb | 2646 (28.4) | 1058 (32.0) | 521 (31.9) | 537 (32.2) | 1588 (26.4) | 795 (26.3) | 793 (26.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.88 |
| Framingham 10-year CVD risk scorea | 24.8 (12.6) | 16.7 (7.9) | 16.8 (7.9) | 16.6 (7.7) | 29.3 (12.4) | 29.2 (12.4) | 29.4 (12.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.41 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 29.9 (5.8) | 30.1 (6.6) | 30.0 (6.5) | 30.2 (6.7) | 29.7 (5.3) | 29.7 (5.3) | 29.7 (5.3) | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.67 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)a | 190.1 (41.2) | 205.8 (41.1) | 205.7 (40.5) | 205.9 (41.8) | 181.5 (38.6) | 181.6 (38.6) | 181.4 (38.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| LDL (mg/dl)a | 112.4(35.1) | 122.4 (36.3) | 122.2 (35.8) | 122.7 (36.8) | 106.8 (33.1) | 106.7 (33.0) | 106.9 (33.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.80 |
| HDL (mg/dl)a | 52.9 (14.5) | 59.4 (15.6) | 59.6 (15.8) | 59.3 (15.4) | 49.3 (12.4) | 49.2 (12.4) | 49.4 (12.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.48 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl)a | 98.8 (13.5) | 97.1 (13.5) | 97.2 (13.5) | 97.0 (13.4) | 99.8 (13.5) | 99.7 (13.2) | 99.9 (13.8) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.65 | 0.52 |
| eGFR MDRD (ml/min per 1.73 m2)a | 71.8 (20.6) | 70.3 (21.4) | 70.2 (21.6) | 70.4 (21.2) | 72.5 (20.1) | 72.5 (19.9) | 72.5 (20.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.99 |
| PHQ-9 total score (range 0 to 27)a,c | 3.1 (4.2) | 3.5 (4.3) | 3.5 (4.4) | 3.6 (4.2) | 2.8 (4.1) | 2.8 (4.1) | 2.8 (4.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.88 |
| MoCA total score (range 0–30)a,d | 22.9 ± 4.1 | 22.7 ((4.5) | 22.6 (4.6) | 22.7 (4.4) | 23.0 (3.9) | 23.0 (3.8) | 23.0 (3.9) | 0.0002 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.79 |
| Use of ACE inhibitorsb | 3456 (36.9) | 1046 (31.4) | 498 (30.2) | 548 (32.5) | 2410 (40.0) | 1195 (39.4) | 1215 (40.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.34 |
| Use of aldosterone receptor blockersb | 179 (1.9) | 93 (2.8) | 51 (3.1) | 42 (2.5) | 86 (1.4) | 43 (1.4) | 43 (1.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.95 |
| Use of alpha-1 blockersb | 422 (4.5) | 45 (1.4) | 20 (1.2) | 25 (1.5) | 377 (6.3) | 187 (6.2) | 190 (6.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.77 |
| Use of angiotensin II antagonistsb | 1985 (21.2) | 875 (26.3) | 438 (26.6) | 437 (26.0) | 1110 (18.4) | 554 (18.3) | 556 (18.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.75 |
| Use of beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activityb | 5 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Use of beta blockers without intrinsic sympathomimetic activityb | 2881 (30.8) | 1101 (33.0) | 535 (32.5) | 566 (33.6) | 1780 (29.5) | 864 (28.5) | 916 (30.6) | 0.001 | 0.0004 | 0.48 | 0.07 |
| Use of CCBs-Dihydropyridines | 2782 (29.7) | 970 (29.1) | 478 (29.0) | 492 (29.2) | 1812 (30.1) | 927 (30.5) | 885 (29.6) | 0.65 | 0.34 | 0.89 | 0.40 |
| Use of CCBs-non-Dihydropyridinesb | 499 (5.3) | 206 (6.2) | 111 (6.7) | 95 (5.6) | 293 (4.9) | 148 (4.9) | 145 (4.8) | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.19 | 0.95 |
| Use of central alpha-2 agonists and other centrally acting drugsb | 199 (2.1) | 100 (3.0) | 48 (2.9) | 52 (3.1) | 99 (1.6) | 42 (1.4) | 57 (1.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.77 | 0.11 |
| Use of combined alpha blockers and beta blockersb | 416 (4.4) | 151 (4.5) | 75 (4.6) | 76 (4.5) | 265 (4.4) | 122 (4.0) | 143 (4.8) | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 0.15 |
| Use of direct vasodilatorsb | 142 (1.5) | 53 (1.6) | 25 (1.5) | 28 (1.7) | 89 (1.5) | 42 (1.4) | 47 (1.6) | 0.88 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.55 |
| Use of loop diureticsb | 425 (4.5) | 190 (5.7) | 95 (5.8) | 95 (5.6) | 235 (3.9) | 118 (3.9) | 117 (3.9) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.97 |
| Use of potassium-sparing diureticsb | 404 (4.3) | 207 (6.2) | 117 (7.1) | 90 (5.3) | 197 (3.3) | 105 (3.5) | 92 (3.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.40 |
| Use of renin inhibitorsb | 30 (0.3) | 16 (0.5) | 30 (0.3) | 8 (0.5) | 14 (0.2) | 6 (0.2) | 8 (0.3) | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.58 |
| Use of Thiazide diureticsb | 3659 (39.1) | 1472 (44.2) | 3659 (39.1) | 754 (45.8) | 2187 (36.3) | 1119 (36.9) | 1068 (35.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.33 |
| Number of antihypertensive medications prescribedb | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.30 |
| Statin useb | 4054 (43.7) | 1236 (35.8) | 639 (39.2) | 597 (47.8) | 2818 (46.7) | 1437 (47.8) | 1381 (46.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.31 |
| Aspirin useb | 4756 (51.0) | 1464 (43.9) | 718 (43.7) | 746 (44.5) | 3292 (54.6) | 1632 (54.0) | 1660 (55.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.21 |
a
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation).
b
Data are presented as number (percentage).
c
Higher scores suggest worse function.
d
Higher scores suggest better function.