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Preoperative risk factors associated with development of acute kidney injury.
| Race |
| Gender: female > male |
| Advancing age |
| Genetics |
| Comorbidities: |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Congestive cardiac failure |
| Pre-existing renal disease |
| Diabetes |
| Anemia |
| Chronic liver disease |
| Previous cerebrovascular accidents |
| Generalized atherosclerotic disease |
| Preoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pump |
