Table 1.

Characteristics of the study sample in childhood (baseline) and adolescence (follow-up)

	Baseline	Follow-up	p-value^a
Age, years	8.6(1.7)	16.3 (2.2)	<0.001
Tanner stage, score	---	4.1 (0.8)	---
Wheezing, %	9.6%	14%	0.068
Chronic Cough, %	5.8%	5.0%	0.671
Cough with exercise, %	9.6%	8.3%	0.494
Allergies, %	61.8%	58.3%	0.528
Enlarged tonsils, %	33.8%	---	---
Tonsils inflammation, %	1.8%	---	---
Cervical adenopathy, %	27.4%	---	---
Height, cm	133.9(10.9)	168.1 (9.8)	<0.001
Weight, kg	29.4 (6.4)	59.2(10.0)	<0.001
zBMI, z-score	−0.6 (0.8)	−0.1 (0.8)	0.028
BMI%, percentile	44.9 (22.5)	48.4(24.1)	<0.001
Neck circumference, cm	27.9 (4.2)	34.2(5.1)	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	59.9(5.1)	73.2(7.1)	<0.001
Hips circumference, cm	68.7 (8.7)	84.1 (9.3)	<0.001
Gynoid/whole ratio, %	---	18.6 (2.5)	---
Android/whole ratio, %	---	5.5(1.0)	---
Subcutaneous tissue, cm²	---	139.7(85.9)	---
Visceral tissue, cm²	---	38.4(15.0)	---
CRP, mg/L	---	0.7 (0.6)	---
IL-6, pg/mL	---	1.0(0.9)	---
TNF-α, pg/mL	---	1.8(1.2)	---
Leptin, ng/mL	---	8.4 (8.5)	---
Adiponectin, μg/mL	---	8.4 (4.9)	---
Total sleep time, min	461.1 (44.3)	447.8 (49.0)	<0.001
Stage N1,%	3.3 (2.7)	0.9(1.0)	<0.001
Stage 2, %	46.3 (10.8)	53.2 (10.2)	<0.001
Stage 3, %	30.1 (10.2)	27.2 (9.5)	<0.001
Stage R, %	20.4 (5.2)	18.6(4.7)	<0.001
PLMI, events/hour	0.8 (4.0)	4.5 (6.8)	<0.001
AHI, events/hour	0.7 (0.9)	2.3 (6.3)	<0.001

Data are mean (standard deviation) for continuous variable and percentage for categorical variables. ^b Bold p-values indicate statistical significance at p ≤ 0.05. Participants identified their race/ethnicity from one of six options and “ethnic/race minority status” was defined as “nonwhite/Caucasian and/or Hispanic”. AHI = apnea hypopnea index. BMI = body mass index. CRP= C-reactive protein. IL-6 = interleukin-6. PLMI = periodic limb movement index. TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha.