Supplementary Table 2.
Patient and Hospitalization-Level Characteristics in Pre, Early, and Late COVID Erasa in 2020
| Factor | Pre-COVID era (n = 3430) | Early COVID-19 era (n = 1299) | Late COVID-19 era (n = 506) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 61 (56, 65) | 61 (55, 65) | 60 (55, 65) | .16 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 3331 (97.1) | 1268 (97.6) | 489 (96.6) | .48 |
| Race, n (%) | .055 | |||
| White | 2045 (59.6) | 760 (58.5) | 288 (56.9) | |
| Black | 824 (24.0) | 327 (25.2) | 124 (24.5) | |
| Hispanic | 288 (8.4) | 100 (7.7) | 31 (6.1) | |
| Asian | 32 (0.9) | 16 (1.2) | 7 (1.4) | |
| Other | 241 (7.0) | 96 (7.4) | 56 (11.1) | |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 28.5 (24.5, 33.0) | 29.0 (25.3, 33.6) | 28.0 (24.2, 32.5) | .004 |
| Patient comorbidities | ||||
| Etiology of liver disease, n (%) | .41 | |||
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | 407 (11.9) | 125 (9.6) | 53 (10.5) | |
| Hepatitis B virus | 92 (2.7) | 37 (2.8) | 19 (3.8) | |
| Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) | 1255 (36.6) | 502 (38.6) | 190 (37.5) | |
| HCV + ALD | 1106 (32.2) | 416 (32.0) | 169 (33.4) | |
| Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease | 422 (12.3) | 162 (12.5) | 50 (9.9) | |
| Other | 148 (4.3) | 57 (4.4) | 25 (4.9) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1953 (56.9) | 792 (61.0) | 277 (54.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3011 (87.8) | 1171 (90.1) | 442 (87.4) | |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 906 (26.4) | 337 (25.9) | 118 (23.3) | |
| Cerebrovascular accident, n (%) | 518 (15.1) | 210 (16.2) | 64 (12.6) | |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 518 (15.1) | 210 (16.2) | 64 (12.6) | |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 482 (14.1) | 198 (15.2) | 73 (14.4) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma, n (%) | 210 (6.1) | 80 (6.2) | 39 (7.7) | |
| Prior decompensated cirrhosis, n (%) | 1193 (34.8) | 464 (35.7) | 189 (37.4) | |
| Baseline CTP, n (%) | .45 | |||
| Class A | 3067 (89.4%) | 1173 (90.3%) | 452 (89.3%) | |
| Class B | 344 (10.0%) | 122 (9.4%) | 49 (9.7%) | |
| Class C | 19 (0.6%) | 4 (0.3%) | 5 (1.0%) | |
| Patient admission labs | ||||
| Sodium, median (IQR) | 137 (135, 140) | 137 (134, 139) | 137 (134, 139) | .21 |
| Creatinine, median (IQR) | 1 (0.8, 1.51) | 1.04 (0.8, 1.6) | 1 (0.8, 1.73) | .27 |
| GFR, median (IQR) | 82.1 (50.7, 109.8) | 80.0 (48.9, 107.1) | 79.5 (42.4, 108.9) | .27 |
| Albumin, median (IQR) | 3.1 (2.6, 3.6) | 3.1 (2.6, 3.6) | 3.2 (2.6, 3.6) | .49 |
| AST, median (IQR) | 32 (21, 53) | 32 (21, 54) | 34 (24, 54) | .12 |
| ALT, median (IQR) | 23 (15.5, 38) | 24 (15, 37) | 25 (17, 40) | .28 |
| Total bilirubin, median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.59) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.7) | .62 |
| INR, median (IQR) | 1.3 (1.16, 1.57) | 1.3 (1.14, 1.55) | 1.35 (1.17, 1.71) | .072 |
| Hemoglobin, median (IQR) | 11.2 (9.2, 13) | 11 (9.2, 13) | 11.15 (9.4, 12.9) | .87 |
| Platelet count, median (IQR) | 134 (85, 194) | 134 (81, 197) | 130 (80, 199) | .80 |
| MELD category, n (%) | .029 | |||
| ≤15 | 207 (59.0) | 87 (58.8) | 25 (48.1) | |
| 16–24 | 118 (33.6) | 49 (33.1) | 16 (30.8) | |
| ≥25 | 26 (7.4) | 12 (8.1) | 11 (21.2) | |
| Hospitalization characteristics | ||||
| US region, n (%) | .66 | |||
| West | 721 (21.2) | 244 (19.1) | 110 (22.0) | |
| Midwest | 647 (19.1) | 256 (20.0) | 89 (17.8) | |
| Northeast | 555 (16.4) | 219 (17.1) | 79 (15.8) | |
| South | 1470 (43.3) | 561 (43.8) | 222 (44.4) | |
| Reason for admission, n (%) | .60 | |||
| Substance abuse | 452 (13.2) | 182 (14.0) | 75 (14.8) | |
| Infection | 881 (25.7) | 352 (27.1) | 126 (24.9) | |
| Gastrointestinal bleed | 148 (4.3) | 60 (4.6) | 21 (4.2) | |
| Hematology/Oncology | 350 (10.2) | 134 (10.3) | 61 (12.1) | |
| Cardiovascular | 677 (19.7) | 238 (18.3) | 82 (16.2) | |
| Psych | 154 (4.5) | 55 (4.2) | 21 (4.2) | |
| FEN/Renal | 351 (10.2) | 136 (10.5) | 66 (13.0) | |
| Other liver-related | 197 (5.7) | 75 (5.8) | 28 (5.5) | |
| Other | 220 (6.4) | 67 (5.2) | 26 (5.1) | |
| Length of stay, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 6) | 3 (1, 6) | 2 (1, 4) | <.001 |
| Hospital transfer, n (%) | 382 (11.1) | 136 (10.5) | 38 (7.5) | .046 |
| Urban/Rural, n (%) | .16 | |||
| Rural | 88 (2.6) | 45 (3.5) | 18 (3.6) | |
| Urban | 3336 (97.4) | 1253 (96.5) | 487 (96.4) | |
| Academic, n (%) | 2337 (68.1) | 836 (64.4) | 322 (63.6) | .014 |
| Disposition, n (%) | .029 | |||
| Home | 3046 (88.8) | 1157 (89.1) | 461 (91.1) | |
| Facility | 307 (9.0) | 107 (8.2) | 26 (5.1) | |
| Other hospital | 59 (1.7) | 28 (2.2) | 13 (2.6) | |
| Hospice | 9 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Unknown | 9 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | |
NOTE. Bold values indicate statistical significance at the alpha = 5% level.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; FEN, fluid, electrolytes, nutrition; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; INR, international normalized ratio; IQR, interquartile range; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease.
a
Note that pre-COVID era dates are January 1 to February 28, early COVID era dates are February 29 to March 25, and late COVID era dates are March 26 to April 15.