Table 1. Summary of redox-regulated protein aggregates.

Protein	Abbreviation	Normal function	Involved residue (Cys)	Modification	Consequence(s)	Type of aggregation	Related pathologies	Reference
AMP-activated protein kinase	AMPK-alpha	Energy metabolism	C130 and C174	Disulfide	Inactivation	Soluble aggregates	Cardiopathologies, energy starvation	[95]
Apolipoprotein A-I	APOA1	Cholesterol transport	Methionines	Methionine oxidation	Partial unfolding, fibrillization and inactivation	Amyloid	APOA1 amyloidoses and atherosclerosis	[94]
APP/Amyloid-β	Aβ	Unknown	M35	Methionine oxidation	Required for pro-oxidative activity	Amyloid	Alzheimer's	[119]
Ataxin-2	ATXN2	TORC1 inhibition	Methionines	Methionine oxidation	Oxidation reverses aggregation, functional regulation of activity	LLPS, amyloid	Spinocerebellar atrophy, ALS	[80]
Cellular prion protein	PrPC and PrPSC	Synaptic function	C179 and C214	Disulfide exchange	Reduction of PrPC induces aggregation of PrPSC polymer	Amyloid	Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies	[96]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	p16INK4A	Cell cycle regulation, senescence	C72	Homodimerisation	Inactivation	Amyloid	Cancer	[69]
Endostatin	COL18A1	Angiogenesis inhibition	C33, C135, C165 and C173	Disulfide	Prevents aggregation	Amyloid	Alzheimer's	[105]
Fas ligand	FasL	Apoptosis, inflammation	Methionines	Methionine oxidation	Multimerization and aggregation enhanced biological activity	Unknown	Acute lung injury	[92]
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	GAPDH	Glycolysis	M46	Methionine oxidation, disulfides	Local conformational change promotes disulfide cross-linking and aggregation	Amyloid	Alzheimer's, motor neuron disease	[87]
Growth hormone (recombinant)	hGH	(Therapeutic protein production)	M14 and M125	Methionine oxidation	Lower stability	Unknown	GH deficiency	[90]
human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide	hIAPP	Insulin/glucagon secretion, gastric emptying	C2 and C7	Disulfide	Prevents aggregation	Amyloid	Type 2 diabetes	[103]
Huntingtin	HTT	Unknown	M8	Post-aggregation methionine oxidation	Controls interaction between aggregates	Amyloid	Huntington disease	[106]
			C115 and C119	Disulfide mediated oligomerization	Oxidation-dependent soluble toxic oligomers, slower clearance	Soluble oligomeric aggregates		[97]
Interferon-β1a (recombinant)	IFNβ1a	(Therapeutic protein production)	Many residues (M, H, F, W, Y)	Cross-linking	Lower stability	Unknown		[89]
Mitochondrial GrpE protein homologue	MGE1	Proteostasis, HSP70 cochaperone	M155	methionine oxidation	Inactive HSP70 but targeting it to unfolded proteins	Amyloid	Myopathies	[141]
Sequestosome-1	SQSTM1/p62	Autophagy	C105 and C113	Disulfide mediated oligomerization	More autophagy, cell survival	Insoluble aggregates, LLPS	ALS	[170]
Superoxide dismutase 1	SOD1	Dismutation of superoxide	C111	Disulfide-linked dimerization	Oligomerization and subsequent fibril formation	Oligomeric, amyloid and amorphous	ALS	[102]
Transthyretin	TTR	Thyroid hormone binding	C10, M1 and M13	Cysteine sulfonic acid, methionine sulfoxide	Tetramer dissociation and aggregation	Amyloid	Senile systemic amyloidosis	[93]
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2	TPH2	Serotonin biosynthesis	Any out of 13 cysteines	Disulfide, cross-linking	Misfolding, intra- and intermolecular disulfide bond formation, protein inactivation	Unknown, disulfide cross-linked oligomers	Parkinson's	[72]
Vinisin-like protein 1	VSNL1	Calcium sensing	C187	Disulfide-linked homodimerization	Reduced levels of functional protein	Amyloid, disulfide cross-linked oligomers	ALS, AD	[75]
y-synuclein	SNCG	Neurofilament network integrity	M38 and Y39	Oxidation-dependent oligomerization	Aggregation and seeding for α-synuclein aggregation	Amyloid	Parkinson's	[88]
β2-microglobulin	β2M	MHCI light chain	C25 and C80	Disulfide reduction, disulfide exchange, post-aggregation oxidation	Aggregation, post-aggregation stabilization	Amyloid	Hemodialysis-related amyloidosis	[107]
γ-crystallins	CRYG	Lens transparency	C32 and C41	Intramolecular disulfide	Destabilizes its N-terminal domain, stabilizes an intermediate which is prone to aggregation	Amorphous	Cataract	[82]
κ-casein	CSN3	Milk protein	M95 and M106	Methionine oxidation	Increased aggregation, increased toxicity	Amyloid	Corpora amylacea	[91]