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. 2020 May 5;10:7591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64374-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Total cell counts (diamonds) and spore counts (squares) of C-3102. C-3102 spores were inoculated in DSM improved medium. Bifidogenic growth activity (indicated by black bars) is reported as equivalent concentrations of DHNA, because high correlation (r² = 0.993) was obtained between bifidogenic growth activity and the applied amount of DHNA from Propionibacterium freudenreichii culture¹⁸.