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. 2020 May 5;10:7591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64374-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Growth activity of four Bifidobacterium species (B. adolescentis, B. catenulatum, B. pseudocatenulatum and B. bifidum). Each of the six bifidogenic growth factors was added at half the concentration in GAM broth and bacteria were cultivated in anaerobic conditions. Significant differences were determined by the Student t-test (*P < 0.05, ^†P < 0.1). Error bars show the standard deviations of the mean.