Fig. 5. Biocompatibility of active topographies.

a, b Schematic of the experimental setup (a) and a cross-sectional view of the catheter prototype (b). c Effects of insulated copper coils on transformed human urinary bladder T24 cells without or with actuation (1 mT for 3 h or 5 mT for 3 min; Bar = 50 µm). Each condition was tested with three biological replicates (n = 3), and five random images were taken from each sample.