Table 2.
Studies reporting technical accuracy rates for spine surgery with lumbosacral and thoracic pedicle screw placement using the augmented reality surgical navigation system (ARSN).
| Study | Surgical technique | Navigation type | Performed on | Devices placed | No. of pedicles | Clinical accuracy, Gertzbein 0-1 (%) | Technical accuracy, mean error in 2D (mm) | Statistical significance versus technical accuracy of current study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elmi-Terander et al., 201616 | Open | Navigated path | Cadaver | Screws | 47 | 40/47 (85%) | nd | nd |
| Elmi-Terander et al., 201817 | MIS | Navigated path | Cadaver | Jamshidi | 66 | nd | 2.2 ± 1.3 | p < 0.001 |
| MIS | Navigated path | Cadaver | Screws | 18 | 16/18 (89%) | nd | nd | |
| Elmi-Terander et al., 201815 | Open | Navigated path | Patients | Screws | 253 | 238/253 (94.1%) | 1.97 ± 1.33 | p < 0.001 |
| Burström et al., 201918 | MIS | Instrument tracking | Porcine | Jamshidi | 78 | 76-78/78 (100, 97.4, 97.4)* | 1.7 ± 1.0 | p < 0.001 |
| Current study | MIS | Instrument tracking + surgical robot | Cadaver | Jamshidi | 113 | 113/113 (100%)* | 0.94 ± 0.59 |
Data are presented as absolute numbers, percentages or mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: MIS = Minimally invasive surgery, nd = no data. *Simulated Gertzbein grading: screw diameters extrapolated from Jamshidi needle center to represent up to 4, 6, or 7 mm screws.