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. 2020 May 5;10:7536. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64416-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Brain organic osmolytes and their correlations with brain glutamine and plasma NH4⁺. (A) Time course of myo-inositol, total choline, taurine, total creatine in sham (black) and bile duct ligated (BDL) (grey) rats during disease progression expressed in absolute concentrations. (B) % difference in these metabolites between BDL rats and shams at each time point; left y-axis indicates % change of the metabolite and right y-axis represents corresponding mmol/kgww (kg of wet weight) change; the scale of the right y-axis is the same for all metabolites for ease of comparison of their contribution to the osmoregulation. (C) Correlations between changes in brain glutamine and changes in each individual metabolite between weeks 2–8. (D) Correlations between plasma NH4⁺ and changes in individual metabolites between weeks 2–8. *Comparison between shams and BDL for each time-point; *(grey) significant difference compared to week 2; (^§) indicates a significant change in sham animals as a function of age.