TABLE 5.
Main pathogens present in swine manure, their associated diseases, environmental survival, and inactivation/treatment systems.
| Pathogens | Main disease | Environmental matrices | Treatment system | References | |
| Bacteria | Salmonella spp. | Diarrhea, systemic disease and pneumonia in humans and animals (zoonotic) | Swine, bovine and poultry feces and manure | Anaerobic biodigester | Fongaro et al., 2014 |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | Swelling, warmth (zoonotic) | Swine, bovine and poultry feces and manure | Photochemical eradication by blue light activation of riboflavin | Slifierz et al., 2015 | |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Listeriosis, encephalitis, abortions (zoonotic) | Swine, bovine and poultry feces and manure | _ | Broes et al., 2019 | |
| Viruses | Rotavirus-A (RVA) | Diarrhea (zoonotic) | Swine and bovine manure | Membrane bioreactor Ultrafiltration with coagulation-sedimentation Ultraviolet radiation (UV) | Estes and Kapikian, 2007; Hmaied et al., 2015 |
| Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) | Multisystemic wasting syndrome | Swine manure | Aerobic tank; UASB | Chae, 2005; Viancelli et al., 2012a, b | |
| Porcine parvovirus (PPV) | Infertility and reproductive failure (not zoonotic) | Swine slurry | Peracetic acid 0.2% Moist heat 90°C | Mészáros et al., 2017 | |
| Teschoviruses (TV) | Encephalomyelitis | Bovine and swine manure | – | Jimenez-Clavero et al., 2003; Haack et al., 2015 | |
| Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) | Hemorrhagic infection | Swine slurry | Heat inactivation at 61°C | Turner et al., 2000; Becher and Thiel, 2001 | |
| Parasites | Ascaris suum | Diarrhea or gastroenteritis | Livestock waste | Ammonia and nitrogen | Maruyama et al., 1996; Vinnerås et al., 2003; WHO, 2006 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia | Diarrhea or gastroenteritis | Livestock waste | Free ammonia Anaerobic digestion | Kinyua et al., 2016 |