Figure 1.

Novelty manipulations in cognitive neuroscience (novmanip.jpg). Stimulus novelty manipulations usually employ stimuli (e.g., fractals, natural scenes) seen only once during the experiment. Contextual novelty manipulations include the oddball paradigm, where a standard stimulus appears most of the time with fewer occurrences of the oddball, and the von Restorff paradigm, where most of the words are presented in the same font while some appear in a different font. In associative novelty manipulations, the participants are familiarized with a spatial or a temporal arrangement of stimuli after which they are presented with a slightly changed arrangement. Spatial novelty manipulations usually involve placing the experimental animal in a novel cage or letting the human participants explore a virtual environment [Original work; Adapted from the University of Melbourne (le.unimelb.edu.au) under CC-BY license].