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. 2020 Apr 28;26(16):1861–1878. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1861

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Macrophage polarisation and activation. Macrophages polarize to sub-phenotypes with specific biological functions in response to signals from their microenvironment. These include signals from adipocytokines and myokines, the gut liver axis and toll-like receptor activation, damaged hepatocytes, reactive oxygen species, genetic and epigenetic factors. The process of macrophage activation is a critical determinant of disease progression and is a target for potential treatment. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TLR: Toll-like receptor.