Table 2.
Factors associated with separate HIV and substance use stigma scores among HIV‐positive PWID receiving OAT at seven sites in Ukraine: linear regression analysis, n = 190 a
| HIV stigma score | Substance use stigma score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude beta (95% CI) | Adjusted beta (95% CI) | Crude beta (95% CI) | Adjusted beta (95% CI) | |
| Co‐located OAT and ART sites (ref. OAT only sites) | 0.25 (−3.16, 3.66) | 1.55 (−1.73, 4.84) | −0.31 (−4.06, 3.43) | 3.14 (−0.15, 6.43) |
| Demographical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.27) | – | −0.15 (−0.42, 0.12) | – |
| Male gender (ref. female) | −3.20 (−7.09, 0.69) | – | −1.47 (−5.76, 2.83) | – |
| Married/have regular partner (ref. single, never married, divorced, separated or widowed) | 0.20 (−3.25, 3.65) | – | −3.38 (−7.13, 0.38) | – |
| Household size, persons | −0.09 (−1.11, 0.93) | – | 0.52 (−0.60, 1.64) | – |
| Living with children under 18 years (ref. no) | 1.26 (−2.43, 4.96) | – | 1.01 (−3.05, 5.06) | – |
| High school or less (ref. higher education) | 1.52 (−3.11, 6.16) | – | 3.26 (−1.82, 8.33) | – |
| Vocational (ref. higher education) | −0.01 (−4.63, 4.62) | – | 1.29 (−3.77, 6.35) | – |
| Unemployed including housewives and students (ref. full or part‐time employment) | 1.82 (−1.64, 5.27) | – | 4.22 (0.47, 7.97) | 3.14 (−0.20, 6.47) |
| Personal monthly income above the median: >1667 UAH b (ref. median or below) | −3.50 (−6.88, −0.12) | −2.51 (−5.85, 0.83) | −1.39 (−5.13, 2.36) | – |
| History of incarceration (ref. no) | −1.90 (−5.52, 1.72) | – | −1.92 (−5.89, 2.06) | – |
| Behavioural characteristics | ||||
| Any illicit drug use during the last 30 days (ref. no) | −1.17 (−4.58, 2.24) | – | 3.26 (−0.46, 6.98) | – |
| 1 sexual partner during the last 12 months (anal/vaginal sex) (ref. no partners) | −0.64 (−4.93, 3.65) | – | −1.00 (−5.74, 3.73) | – |
| ≥2 sexual partners during the last 12 months (anal/vaginal sex) (ref. no partners) | 1.47 (−3.94, 6.88) | – | 2.76 (−3.21, 8.73) | – |
| Condomless sex during the last 12 months (anal/vaginal) (ref. no) | −0.44 (−3.94, 3.06) | – | −0.29 (−4.13, 3.55) | – |
| History of selling sex (ref. no) | 0.35 (−6.16, 6.87) | – | 0.84 (−6.31, 7.99) | – |
| Everyday or occasional smoker (ref. smoked before or never smoked) | −3.29 (−10.56, 3.99) | – | 2.56 (−5.43, 10.55) | – |
| AUDIT‐C score | −0.43 (−1.11, 0.25) | – | 0.40 (−0.35, 1.14) | – |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Time since first HIV‐positive test result, years | −0.12 (−0.39, 0.15) | – | −0.09 (−0.39, 0.20) | – |
| CD4 count | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) | – | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | – |
| History of TB (ref. no) | 1.68 (−2.32, 5.68) | – | −0.63 (−5.03, 3.76) | – |
| Diagnosed with HCV (ref. no) | 1.65 (−3.84, 7.14) | – | 2.10 (−3.87, 8.07) | – |
| SF12v2 physical health T‐score | −0.25 (−0.43, −0.07) | −0.13 (−0.32, 0.05) | −0.17 (−0.38, 0.03) | – |
| SF12v2 mental health T‐score | −0.27 (−0.44, −0.09) | −0.15 (−0.34, 0.03) | −0.46 (−0.65, −0.27) | −0.26 (−0.44, −0.08) |
| Ever attempted suicide (ref. no) | 7.31 (3.68, 10.93) | 5.90 (2.05, 9.75) | 8.13 (4.15, 12.10) | 2.10 (−1.59, 5.79) |
| OAT drug: methadone (ref. Buprenorphine) | −1.86 (−5.92, 2.20) | – | −0.33 (−4.79, 4.14) | – |
| OAT duration, years | 0.25 (−0.41, 0.91) | – | 0.00 (−0.72, 0.72) | – |
| Attitudes | ||||
| Perceived accessibility of the healthcare facility | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.05) | – | −0.10 (−0.19, −0.02) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.03) |
| Perceived user‐friendliness of the healthcare facility | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | – | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.02) | – |
| Social support score | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.02) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | −0.13 (−0.21, −0.04) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) |
| Receipt of services at non‐governmental organization (ref. no) | 1.91 (−1.92, 5.74) | – | −5.79 (−9.93, −1.67) | −6.40 (−10.23, −2.57) |
Values in bold indicate statistically significant associations.
ART, antiretroviral treatment; AUDIT‐C, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, short version; CI, confidence interval; HCV, hepatitis C virus; ref., reference category; OAT, opioid agonist treatment; PWID, people who inject drugs; SF12v2, Short Form Health Survey questionnaire, version 2; TB, tuberculosis; UAH, Ukrainian Hryvnias; WHO, World Health Organization.
a
Missing data on HIV and substance use stigma scores was excluded (n = 1).
b
1U.S. dollar = 26 UAH.