Table 1. Summary of general characteristics of studies.

Author	Country	Number of organizations	Type of organization	Study type	Data collection	Sample size	Response, %
Albrecht et al,8	Germany	Hospital	MOH	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	39	90.0
Ali et al,9	England	Tertiary hospital	MOH	Qualitative descriptive approach	Interview	59 nurses	100
Al-Khathami et al,10	Saudi Arabia	One medical city	MOH	Cross-sectional	Interview	116	100
Bagchi et al,11	USA	Medicaid program	NA	NA	Medicaid records	22 353	100
Bischoff et al,2	Switzerland	Five health centers	MOH	Cross-sectional	Hospital database	795	61.1
Bischoff et al,12	Switzerland	Four health centers	MOH	Cross-sectional	Interview	723	100
de Moissac et al,13,14	Canada	NA	NA	Cross-sectional	Online questionnaire and telephone interview	297	100
Divi et al,5	USA	Six hospitals	MOH	Prospective study	Incident reports	1083	74.0
Kale et al,15	Norway	All health centers in three cities	MOH	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	1290	35.1
Ngo-Metzger et al,16	USA	Eleven health centers	MOH	Cross-sectional	Mailed survey	2746	74.0
Pytel et al,17	USA	Tertiary health care center	MOH	Prospective study	Questionnaire	123 patients/visitors and 73 nurses	60.0
Schlemmer et al,18	South Africa	One hospital	MOH	Cross-sectional	Interview	21 health staff (6 junior doctors, 8 experienced nurses, 7 staff) and 5 patients	100
Van Rooyen et al,19	Saudi Arabia	NA	MOH and private	Qualitative research	Interview	NA	NA
Wilson et al,20	USA	NA	NA	Cross-sectional	Telephone survey	1200	NR

*MOH: Ministry of Health; NA: not applicable; NR: not recorded.