Table 3.
Factors associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia in the Ethiopian adult population, 2015.
| Variables n (%) | Homocysteine concentration (Hcy) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <15 μmol/L | ≥15 μmol/L | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1714 (69.9) | 739 (30.1) | 1 | <0.001 |
| Male | 879 (51.0) | 843 (49.0) | 2.16 (1.79, 2.62) | |
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–29 | 1107 (68.1) | 518 (31.9) | 1 | |
| 30–44 | 934 (61.2) | 592 (38.8) | 1.31 (1.08, 1.58) | 0.007 |
| 45–59 | 412 (55.8) | 327 (44.2) | 1.80 (1.41, 2.30) | <0.001 |
| 60–69 | 140 (49.1) | 145 (50.9) | 2.06 (1.47, 2.90) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Geographic region | ||||
| Addis Ababa | 109 (53.2) | 96 (46.8) | 1 | |
| Tigray | 467 (68.5) | 215 (31.5) | 0.50 (0.33, 0.76) | 0.001 |
| Afar | 85 (50.9) | 82 (49.1) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.03) | 0.433 |
| Amhara | 595 (74.9) | 199 (25.1) | 0.34 (0.22, 0.51) | <0.001 |
| Oromia | 639 (66.5) | 322 (33.5) | 0.53 (0.36, 0.79) | 0.002 |
| Somali | 84 (30.4) | 192 (69.6) | 3.19 (1.90, 5.34) | <0.001 |
| B. Gumuz | 103 (48.1) | 111 (51.9) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.67) | 0.954 |
| SNNPR | 359 (68.1) | 168 (31.9) | 0.49 (0.32, 0.74) | 0.001 |
| Gambela | 105 (43.9) | 134 (56.1) | 1.47 (0.82, 2.62) | 0.194 |
| Harari | 33 (55.9) | 26 (44.1) | 1.31 (0.56, 3.07) | 0.536 |
| Dire Dawa | 14 (275) | 37 (72.5) | 3.37 (1.46, 7.78) | 0.005 |
|
| ||||
| Occupational status | ||||
| Unemployed | 281 (63.0) | 165 (37.0) | 1 | |
| Employed | 209 (55.1) | 170 (44.9) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.82) | 0.470 |
| Skilled worker | 1437 (61.5) | 899 (38.5) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.59) | 0.583 |
| Housewife/homemaker | 646 (67.4) | 313 (32.6) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.55) | 0.863 |
|
| ||||
| Level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 1365 (52.6) | 862 (54.5) | 1 | |
| Primary education | 960 (37.0) | 512 (32.4) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.697 |
| Secondary education | 157 (6.1) | 102 (6.4) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.70) | 0.379 |
| College and above | 111 (4.3) | 106 (6.7) | 1.52 (0.98, 2.37) | 0.063 |
|
| ||||
| Income quartiles (×1000 birr) | ||||
| <12 | 1491 (69.6) | 844 (65.6) | 1 | |
| 12–18 | 257 (12.0) | 165 (12.8) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.62) | 0.337 |
| 18–23.3 | 110 (5.1) | 96 (7.5) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.59) | 0.643 |
| 23.3–30 | 128 (6.0) | 85 (6.6) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.89) | 0.380 |
| >30 | 157 (7.3) | 97 (7.5) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | 0.493 |
|
| ||||
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Low | 385 (15.0) | 224 (14.3) | 1 | |
| Moderate | 454 (17.6) | 225 (14.4) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) | 0.889 |
| High | 1734 (67.4) | 1116 (71.3) | 1.30 (1.02, 1.66) | 0.034 |
|
| ||||
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | ||||
| Yes | 46 (1.8) | 4 (0.3) | 1 | |
| No | 2547 (98.2) | 1578 (99.7) | 9.57 (2.83, 32.30) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Blood sugar level (mg/dl) | ||||
| Normal (<110) | 2364 (63.2) | 1376 (36.8) | 1 | |
| Impaired fasting glucose (110–125) | 95 (51.4) | 90 (48.6) | 1.26 (0.73, 2.16) | 0.413 |
| Raised blood sugar (≥126) | 71 (59.7) | 48 (40.3) | 1.44 (0.76, 2.74) | 0.266 |
|
| ||||
| High-density lipoprotein level (HDL)Φ | ||||
| Normal | 824 (58.9) | 576 (41.1) | 1 | |
| Low | 1691 (64.3) | 939 (35.7) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.291 |
|
| ||||
| Currently smoking | ||||
| No | 2487 (63.1) | 1455 (36.9) | 1 | |
| Yes | 106 (45.5) | 127 (54.5) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.336 |
|
| ||||
| Raised blood pressure/on blood pressure medication Δ | ||||
| No | 2193 (63.5) | 1260 (36.5) | 1 | |
| Yes | 400 (55.4) | 322 (44.6) | 1.55 (1.27, 1.91) | <0.001 |
ΦHDL level: low HDL level for males, <40 mg/dl, and for females, <50 mg/dl. ΔSBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; raised blood pressure (SBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg).