Table 3.
Factors associated with neonatal bacteremia in critical care units
| Variable | All participants | Bacteremia by GNB | Univariate | Multivariate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 59 (%) | P value | OR [95%CI] | P value | ||
| Sex (N= 200) | |||||
| Females | 95 | 28 (29.5) | 0.994 | 1.01 [0.54-1.88] | 0.972 |
| Males | 105 | 31 (29.5) | |||
| Unit (N= 200) | |||||
| Neonatology unit | 116 | 33 (28.5) | 0.702 | 1.13 [0.60-2.11] | 0.700 |
| Neonatal ICU | 84 | 26 (30.9) | |||
| Length of hospital stay at enrolment (N= 200) | |||||
| <48 hours | 143 | 37 (25.9) | 0.075 | 1.80 [0.94-3.46] | 0.077 |
| >48 hours | 57 | 22 (39.3) | |||
| Livestock keeping at home (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 163 | 48 (29.5) | 0.973 | 1.02 [0.41-2.53] | 0.968 |
| Yes | 37 | 11 (29.7) | |||
| Keeping pet* at home (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 126 | 37 (29.4) | 0.956 | 0.98 [0.47-2.07] | 0.973 |
| Yes | 74 | 22 (29.7) | |||
| Source of water (N= 200) | |||||
| Both | 11 | 7 (63.6) | 0.038 | 2.12 [0.88-5.09] | 0.040 |
| Open sources | 14 | 4 (28.6) | |||
| Tap water | 175 | 48 (27.4) | |||
| Body temperature (N= 200) | |||||
| Normal | 165 | 44 (26.7) | 0.056 | 1.55 [0.95-2.55] | 0.081 |
| Hypo/hyperthermia | 35 | 15 (42.9) | |||
| On antibiotic during sampling (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 25 | 10 (40.0) | 0.218 | 0.50 [0.18-1.37] | 0.180 |
| Yes | 175 | 49 (28.9) | |||
| Presence of invasive device (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 34 | 10 (29.4) | 0.990 | 0.94 [0.36-2.49] | 0.909 |
| Yes | 166 | 49 (29.5) | |||
| Number of invasive devices (N= 200) | |||||
| ≤1 | 122 | 42 (34.4) | 0.058 | 2.52 [1.08-5.85] | 0.031 |
| ≥2 | 78 | 17 (21.8) | |||
| Prematurity status (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 56 | 21 (37.5) | 0.124 | 0.59 [0.30-1.17] | 0.135 |
| Yes | 144 | 38 (26.4) | |||
| Resuscitation (N= 192) | |||||
| No | 64 | 17 (26.6) | 0.734 | 0.78 [0.35-1.79] | 0.569 |
| Yes | 128 | 37 (28.9) | |||
| Poor feeding (N= 192) | |||||
| No | 59 | 14 (23.7) | 0.368 | 1.07 [0.41-2.85] | 0.885 |
| Yes | 133 | 40 (30.1) | |||
| Convulsion (N= 192) | |||||
| No | 185 | 50 (27.0) | 0.082 | 4.60 [0.88-23.78] | 0.069 |
| Yes | 7 | 4 (57.1) | |||
| Paleness (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 178 | 52 (29.2) | 0.801 | 1.29 [0.48-3.53] | 0.607 |
| Yes | 22 | 7 (31.8) | |||
| Jaundice (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 136 | 34 (25.0) | 0.043 | 2.10 [1.07-4.14] | 0.031 |
| Positive | 64 | 25 (39.1) | |||
| Cyanosis (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 147 | 34 (23.1) | <0.001 | 3.13 [1.51-6.51] | 0.002 |
| Positive | 53 | 25 (47.2) | |||
| Nasal flaring (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 89 | 24 (26.9) | 0.482 | 0.86 [0.42-1.76] | 0.688 |
| Positive | 111 | 35 (31.5) | |||
| Chest indrawing (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 122 | 31 (25.4) | 0.114 | 1.83 [0.94-3.57] | 0.076 |
| Positive | 78 | 28 (35.9) | |||
| Discharging umbilicus (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 140 | 40 (28.6) | 0.660 | 1.55 [0.755-3.18] | 0.232 |
| Positive | 60 | 19 (31.7) | |||
| Rectal colonization (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 114 | 28 (24.6) | 0.079 | 1.82 [0.93-3.57] | 0.079 |
| Positive | 86 | 31 (36.1) | |||
| Cot contamination (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 136 | 32 (23.5) | 0.008 | 2.39 [1.26-4.55] | 0.008 |
| Positive | 64 | 27 (42.2) | |||
| Mother’s hand contamination (N= 200) | |||||
| Negative | 163 | 49 (30.1) | 0.715 | 0.84 [0.36-1.93] | 0.684 |
| Positive | 37 | 10 (27.0) | |||
| Maternal fever during pregnancy (N= 200) | |||||
| No | 105 | 23 (21.9%) | |||
| Yes | 95 | 36 (37.9%) | 0.013 | 2.17 [1.17-4.05] | 0.014 |
| Outcome (N= 200) | |||||
| Discharge | 182 | 52 (28.6) | 0.363 | 1.63 [0.57-4.57] | 0.355 |
| Death | 18 | 7 (38.9) | |||