Table 2.

Effect of ß-blockers and ivabradine on hemodynamic parameters at the low heart rate level (AAI 40 bpm).

Parameter	Atenolol	Nebivolol	Ivabradine	P value for baselines	P value for difference
Heart rate, bpm
Baseline	48.64 ± 4.79	48.60 ± 5.25	49.58 ± 5.41	0.45
End	43.66 ± 3.53	47.02 ± 5.32	46.46 ± 4.95
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	4.98 ± 3.98 (<0.01; 3.34–6.62)	1.58 ± 2.59 (<0.01; 0.51–2.65)	3.12 ± 4.37 (<0.01; 1.32–4.92)		<0.01 (ate similar to ivb, neb similar to ivb)
Peripheral systolic blood pressure, mmHg
Baseline	129.64 ± 15.09	126.42 ± 13.86	126.46 ± 13.24	0.11
End	119.74 ± 14.95	121.94 ± 12.24	123.58 ± 11.42
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	9.90 ± 11.99 (<0.01; 4.95–14.85)	4.48 ± 7.91 (<0.01; 1.22–7.74)	2.88 ± 8.92 (0.12; −0.80–6.56)		0.02 (ate similar to neb, neb similar to ivb)
Central systolic blood pressure, mmHg
Baseline	120.08 ± 14.87	117.38 ± 13.11	117.66 ± 12.62	0.17
End	110.92 ± 14.09	112.88 ± 12.22	114.30 ± 11.80
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	9.16 ± 11.81 (<0.01; 4.28–14.04)	4.50 ± 7.62 (<0.01; 1.36–7.64)	3.36 ± 8.65 (0.06; −0.21–6.93)		0.06
Systolic blood pressure amplification, mmHg
Baseline	9.56 ± 2.70	9.04 ± 3.34	8.8 ± 2.94	0.28
End	8.82 ± 2.76	9.06 ± 2.72	9.28 ± 2.36
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	0.74 ± 1.58 (0.03; 0.09–1.40)	−0.02 ± 2.40 (0.99; −1.01–0.97)	−0.48 ± 1.88 (0.21; −1.26–0.30)		0.06

Values are presented as mean ± SD. Ate indicates atenolol; ivb, ivabradine; and neb, nebivolol.