Table 4.

Effect of ß-blockers and ivabradine on hemodynamic parameters at the high heart rate level (AAI 90 bpm).

Parameter	Atenolol	Nebivolol	Ivabradine	P value for baselines	P value for difference
Heart rate (bpm)
Baseline	87.00 ± 4.48	86.88 ± 5.59	87.04 ± 5.00	0.97
End	84.96 ± 6.09	85.12 ± 7.05	85.58 ± 6.38
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	2.04 ± 3.77 (0.01; 0.48–3.60)	1.76 ± 3.55 (0.02; 0.29–3.23)	1.46 ± 3.82 (0.07; −0.12–3.04)		0.83
Peripheral systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline	136.96 ± 11.60	131.52 ± 13.05	131.62 ± 14.44	0.01; neb similar to ivb
End	131.02 ± 11.70	129.26 ± 11.66	131.38 ± 11.07
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	5.94 ± 10.02 (<0.01; 1.80–10.08)	2.26 ± 6.98 (0.12; −0.62–5.14)	0.24 ± 9.46 (0.90; −3.67–4.15)		0.047; ate similar to neb, neb similar to ivb
Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline	124.84 ± 10.95	119.76 ± 11.70	120.3 ± 13.30	0.01; neb similar to ivb
End	119.36 ± 10.91	117.62 ± 11.00	119.44 ± 11.15
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	5.48 ± 9.97 (0.01; 1.36–9.60)	2.14 ± 6.41 (0.11; −0.50–4.78)	0.86 ± 8.79 (0.63; −2.77–4.49)		0.09
Systolic blood pressure amplification (mmHg)
Baseline	12.12 ± 2.45	11.76 ± 2.77	11.32 ± 2.93	0.09
End	11.66 ± 2.11	11.64 ± 2.07	11.94 ± 3.13
Difference from baseline to end (P value; 95% CI)	0.46 ± 1.78 (0.21; −0.27–1.19)	0.12 ± 1.63 (0.72; −0.55–0.79)	−0.62 ± 1.65 (0.07; −1.30–0.06)		0.09

Values are presented as mean ± SD. Neb indicates nebivolol; ivb, ivabradine; and ate, atenolol.