Table 2.
Univariate analysis at 15 and 20 weeks' gestation and after delivery in SGA infants
| Males N = 313 |
Females N = 320 |
p value | Asymmetric N = 262 |
Symmetric N = 310 |
p value | % missing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pregnancy | |||||||
| Maternal birthweight (g) | 3160 (568) | 3179 (483) | 0.209 | 3148 (542) | 3167 (527) | 0.680 | 6.5 |
| Leafy vegetable intake ≥ 3/day | 11 (3.5) | 7 (2.2) | 0.315 | 11 (4.2) | 6 (1.9) | 0.112 | 0 |
| Fruit intake ≤ 1/week | 38 (12.1) | 45 (14.1) | 0.474 | 29 (11.1) | 46 (14.8) | 0.183 | 0 |
| 15 weeks’ gestation | |||||||
| Maternal age | 29 (5.8) | 28 (2.8) | 0.075 | 29 (5.4) | 28 (6.0) | 0.286 | 0 |
| Maternal head circumference (cm) | 55.4 (1.8) | 55.6 (1.8) | 0.363 | 55.4 (1.8) | 55.6 (1.8) | 0.370 | 0.2 |
| Ethnicity | 0.425 | 0.001 | 0 | ||||
| Caucasian | 277 (88.5) | 287 (89.7) | 226 (86.3) | 284 (91.6) | |||
| Asian | 9 (2.9) | 7 (2.2) | 11 (4.2) | 5 (1.6) | |||
| Indian | 10 (3.2) | 9 (2.8) | 13 (5.0) | 2 (0.6) | |||
| African | 3 (1.0) | 5 (1.6) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.3) | |||
| Other | 14 (4.5) | 12 (3.8) | 7 (2.7) | 18 (5.8) | |||
| BMI | 0.735 | 0.030 | 0.3 | ||||
| < 20 | 31 (9.9) | 25 (7.8) | 20 (7.6) | 28 (9.1) | |||
| 20–25 | 130 (41.7) | 142 (44.5) | 124 (47.3) | 124 (40.3) | |||
| 25.1–29.9 | 93 (29.8) | 90 (28.2) | 81 (30.9) | 84 (23.4) | |||
| ≥ 30 | 58 (18.6) | 62 (19.2) | 37 (14.1) | 72 (23.4) | |||
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 81 (8.8) | 80 (8.2) | 0.548 | 80 (8.4) | 81 (8.6) | 0.427 | 0 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109 [11.0] | 108 [10.6] | 0.612 | 108 [10.0] | 109 [11.6] | 0.348 | 0 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67 [8.8] | 66 [8.1] | 0.561 | 66 [8.9] | 67 [8.3] | 0.553 | 0 |
| Random glucose | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.2 (1.0) | 0.194 | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.2 (0.9) | 0.796 | 1.6 |
| Rhesus negative blood group | 38 (12.3) | 35 (11.0) | 0.604 | 28 (10.8) | 37 (12.0) | 0.654 | 0.8 |
| Socioeconomic index | 45 [28–50] | 37 [26–50] | 0.054 | 45 [29–50] | 36 [22–50] | 0.010 | 0 |
| Daily vigorous exercise | 8 (2.6) | 6 (1.9) | 0.564 | 3 (1.1) | 9 (2.9) | 0.138 | 0.8 |
| 20 weeks’ gestation | |||||||
| Smoking > 15 weeks gestation | 56 (17.9) | 65 (20.3) | 0.439 | 46 (17.6) | 68 (21.9) | 0.192 | 0 |
| Uterine Doppler RI | 0.61 (0.11) | 0.60 (0.11) | 0.081 | 0.60 (0.11) | 0.61 (0.11) | 0.338 | 7.1 |
| Umbilical Doppler RI | 0.73 (0.06) | 0.75 (0.07) | 0.003 | 0.74 (0.07) | 0.74 (0.06) | 0.299 | 4.3 |
| Umbilical Doppler RI > 90th percentile | 29 (9.6) | 54 (17.8) | 0.003 | 34 (13.4) | 41 (13.9) | 0.888 | 4.3 |
| Ultrasound HC/AC > 95th percentile | 22 (7.2) | 23 (7.3) | 0.966 | 16 (6.2) | 24 (7.9) | 0.444 | 1.7 |
| Perceived stress score | 13 (6.4) | 13 (6.3) | 0.888 | 14 (6.5) | 13 (6.3) | 0.051 | 3.5 |
| Pregnancy outcome | |||||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 85 (27.2) | 81 (25.3) | 0.598 | 74 (28.2) | 81 (26.1) | 0.571 | 0 |
| Gestational diabetes | 5 (1.6) | 5 (1.6) | 0.513 | 5 (1.9) | 5 (1.6) | 0.962 | 0 |
| Induction of labour | 120 (38.3) | 110 (34.4) | 0.300 | 91 (34.7) | 122 (39.4) | 0.255 | 0 |
| Emergency caesarean section | 56 (8.8) | 44 (7.0) | 0.153 | 43 (7.5) | 54 (9.4) | 0.749 | 0 |
| Neonatal characteristics | |||||||
| Birthweight (g) | 2780 [2483—2990] | 2720 [2433—2970] | 0.112 | 2745 [2474—2970] | 2780 [2438—2986] | 0.961 | 0 |
| Customized birthweight percentile | 4.8 (3.0) | 4.7 (3.0) | 0.694 | 4.4 (2.8) | 5.0 (3.0) | 0.018 | 0 |
| Gestational age (days) | 272 (24.1) | 272 (25.0) | 0.872 | 276 (15.6) | 270 (26.4) | 0.003 | 0 |
| Spontaneous preterm birth (< 37 weeks) | 10 (3.2) | 16 (5.0) | 0.253 | 6 (2.3) | 17 (5.5) | 0.053 | 0 |
| Ponderal Index | 2.42 [2.24—2.59] | 2.48 [2.30—2.64] | 0.013 | 2.21 [2.10 - 2.37] | 2.60 [2.51—2.72] | 0.000 | 9.6 |
| Ponderal Index < 10th percentile for gestation | 147 (51.2) | 115 (40.4) | 0.009 | 9.6 | |||
| Head circumference (cm) | 33.2 (2.7) | 32.8 (2.4) | 0.000 | 33.3 (2.1) | 32.7 (2.8) | 0.010 | 5.4 |
| Length (cm) | 48.5 [46.5–50.0] | 48.0 [46.0–49.0] | 0.004 | 49.35 [48.0–51.0] | 46.8 [45.1–48.3] | 0.000 | 9.6 |
| Male | 147 (56.1) | 140 (45.2) | 0.009 | 0 | |||
| Stillbirth | 9 (2.9) | 11 (3.4) | 0.686 | 2 (0.8) | 10 (3.2) | 0.041 | 0 |
| 5-min Apgar < 7 | 7 (2.3) | 8 (2.6) | 0.829 | 3 (1.2) | 11 (3.7) | 0.060 | 4.4 |
| Neonatal death | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.322 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n/a | 0 |
| Admitted to nursery | 80 (25.6) | 63 (19.7) | 0.077 | 56 (24.1) | 75 (24.2) | 0.424 | 0 |
All values are mean (SD) and median [IQR] for continuous variables and absolute numbers (percentages) for categorical variables. BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). RI resistance index (calculated as peak systolic flow minus end diastolic flow divided by peak systolic flow). HC/AC head circumference to abdominal circumference ratio