Table 3.
Comparison of the frequency of breastfeeding problems on days 15, 2 and 4 months postpartum in two groups of intervention (counseling) and control group
| Variable | Counseling group (n = 54) n (%) |
Control group (n = 54) n (%) |
P | Counseling group (n = 54) n (%) |
Control group (n = 54) n(%) |
P | Counseling group (n = 54) n (%) |
Control group (n = 54) n(%) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days | 2 month | 4 month | |||||||
| Breastfeeding problems | 0.008✝ | < 0.001✝ | < 0.001✝ | ||||||
| Impression of inadequate milk and crying of the infant due to hunger | 11 (20.4) | 15 (27.8) | 7 (13.0) | 25 (46.3) | 5 (9.3) | 20 (37.0) | |||
| Refusal to take breast | 2 (3.7) | 4 (7.4) | 4 (7.4) | 7 (13.0) | 2 (3.7) | 9 (16.7) | |||
| Flattened and inverted nipples | 3 (5.6) | 9 (16.7) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | – | – | |||
| Breast Congestion | 2 (3.7) | 7 (13.0) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | |||
| Fissure and breast pain | 25 (46.3) | 16 (29.6) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.7) | – | – | |||
| Mastitis | – | – | 0 (0.0|) | 2 (3.7) | – | – | |||
| Fungal infection | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | 6 (11.1) | 5 (9.3) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.7) | |||
| No problem | 11 (20.4) | 2 (3.7) | 34 (63.0) | 11 (20.4) | 46 (85.2) | 20 (37.0) | |||
| Breastfeeding performance problems | 0.075✝ | < 0.001✝ | < 0.001✝ | ||||||
| Disrespect correct way of breastfeeding | 9 (16.7) | 5 (9.3) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.7) | – | – | |||
| Infant sleeping and inadequate breastfeeding | 15 (27.8) | 12 (22.2) | 10 (18.5) | 6 (11.1) | 2 (3.7) | 2 (3.7) | |||
| Irregular and discontinuous breastfeeding (in terms of time) | 5 (9.3) | 7 (13.0) | 3 (5.6) | 10 (18.5) | 4 (7.4) | 11 (20.4) | |||
| discontinuous breastfeeding at night | 4 (7.4) | 7 (13.0) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.6) | |||
| discontinuous breastfeeding From both breasts (in terms of lactation turn) | 1 (1.9) | 10 (18.5) | 1 (1.9) | 7 (13.0) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (7.4) | |||
| Inadequate sucking due to infant’s low weight | 3 (5.6) | 2 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.7) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (7.4) | |||
| Inadequate sucking due to vomiting after breastfeeding | 5 (9.3) | 6 (11.1) | 1 (1.9) | 5 (9.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (13.0) | |||
| Inadequate sucking due to other items | 6 (11.1) | 4 (7.4) | 13 (24.0) | 14 (25.9) | – | – | |||
| No problem | 6 (11.1) | 1 (1.9) | 24 (44.4) | 4 (7.4) | 46 (85.2) | 18 (33.3) | |||
| Milk adequacy | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | ||||||
| Adequate | 46 (85.2) | 21 (38.9) | 50 (92.6) | 17 (31.5) | 50 (92.6) | 24 (44.4) | |||
| Inadequate milk due to breastfeeding less than 8–12 | 3 (5.6) | 16 (29.6) | 2 (3.7) | 12 (22.2) | 3 (5.6) | 13 (24.1) | |||
| Inadequate milk due to inappropriate weight gain | 3 (5.6) | 10 (18.5) | 1 (1.9) | 9 (16.7) | 1 (1.9) | 7 (13.0) | |||
| Inadequate milk due to the frequency of urine less than 6 times | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | – | – | – | – | |||
| Inadequate milk due to the frequency of stool less than 2 times | 1 (1.9) | 6 (11.1) | 1 (1.9) | 16 (29.6) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (18.5) | |||
*Chi-square /✝Fisher’s Exact test