Fig. 2.

Effectiveness of columbianadin (CBN) on surface P-selectin expression, ATP releases, and relative [Ca²⁺]i mobilization in human platelets. Washed platelets (3.6 × 10⁸ cells/mL) were preincubated with the solvent control (0.1% DMSO) or CBN (60 and 80 μM), followed by the addition of collagen (1 μg/mL) or arachidonic acid (AA; 60 μM) to trigger (a) surface P-selectin expression (resting control, red line; collagen-activated, black line; CBN 60 μM, blue line; CBN 80 μM, green line), (b) ATP release (AU; arbitrary unit), and (c) relative [Ca²⁺]i mobilization, as described in the Materials and methods section. The corresponding statistical data are presented in the right panel of each figure. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4). ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, and ^***p < 0.001 compared with the resting control; ^##p < 0.01 and ^###p < 0.001, compared with the 0.1% DMSO-treated group