Table 4.
Evidence of modulation of low-level sensory and autonomic functions in CRPS by spatial or multisensory manipulations.
| Function | Manipulation | Affected low-level sensory/autonomic/motor function in people with CRPSa | Study detailsb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visual perception | Viewing ambiguous/conflicting visual stimuli | Increased pain (61-73%), sensory disturbances (73%), dystonia (33%) in the affected limb, and asymmetric vasomotor response (34%) | Cohen et al. [184], N = 30, HC, BL; Hall et al. [185], N = 30, HC, PC |
| Auditory perception | Hearing uncomfortably loud sound | Painful sensations to sound (hyperacusis; 38%) | de Klaver et al. [187], N = 40 |
| Sensory-motor integration | Incongruent mirror visual feedback during active movements | Increased pain and sensory disturbances | Brun et al. [186], N = 38, HC, PC, BL |
| Tactile perception | Mirror visual feedback of stimulated unaffected limb | Pain and paraesthesia experienced in the corresponding location on the nonstimulated affected limb (allochiria); cold perceived concurrently on the stimulated and nonstimulated limb (dysynchiria) | Acerra and Moseley [188], N = 10, HC, PC, UL |
| Temperature modulation | Physically resting or viewing the affected limb as positioned in the unaffected side of space through prism glasses | Normalization of temperature asymmetry between the limbs | Moseley et al. [182], N = 10, HC, BL, [72], N = 23, HC, BL |
| Visual perception | Viewing enlarged image of the affected limb through magnifying lenses or in virtual environment or shrunk images of affected limb through minifying lenses | Pain and swelling (evoked by movement) increased when viewing enlarged image, reduced when viewing shrunken image | Matamala-Gomez et al. [189], N = 9, PC, AL; Moseley et al. [183], N = 10, AL |
aPercentages represent the proportion of individuals with CRPS out of the total CRPS sample who presented with abnormal performance. We reported percentages where available; in other cases, we presented group effects. bN represents CRPS sample size. Where applicable, we specified what control group was included (HC = healthy/pain-free controls; PC = pain controls) and which limb(s) were tested (AL = affected limb; BL = both limbs).