Table 5.9.

Patterns of language deficits

Component	Semantic PPA	Nonfluent/Agrammatic PPA	Logopenic PPA
Fluency	Intact with respect to rate and effort, but speech content becomes poor with circumlocution and verbal paraphasia. Naming deficits reflect semantic deficits, and do not improve when asked to describe the objects	Impaired rate with increased effort and apraxia of speech	Rate is often preserved, but may be reduced due to word search pauses, which is often compensated by circumlocution and phonemic paraphasia. Naming deficiencies reflect word-finding rather than semantics
Comprehension	Impaired even for single words. No difficulty with grammar	Single word comprehension is intact. Complex sentences and reversed clauses impaired	Single word comprehension is preserved. Difficulty with complex sentences, with reversed clauses
Repetition	Preserved for single words and simple sentences. As the semantic content increases, repetition declines	Preserved	Repetition is variable, and tends to be worse with longer sentences, rather than grammar complexity
Reading/Writing	Surface dyslexia and dysgraphia (write “no” instead of “know”)	Grammar deficits	Preserved