Table 1.
The origin of the test pathogens and established biological methods used to detect and quantify viability
| Organism | Strain | Origin (supplier) | Method of detection |
|---|---|---|---|
| HIV‐1, cell‐free | IIIB | Chronically infected H9 cells (gift from C.V. Hanson) | Microplaque in MT‐2 cells 42 |
| HIV‐1, cell‐associated | IIIB | Chronically infected H9 cells (gift from C.V. Hanson) | Micro‐plaque in MT‐2 cells 42 |
| HTLV‐I | 2060 | California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA | β‐Galactosidase production by infected pA18GBHK‐21 cells 43 |
| HTLV‐II | C‐19 | California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA | β‐Galactosidase production by infected pA18GBHK‐21 cells 43 |
| HBV | MS‐2 | NIH repository, Bethesda, MD | Infectivity in chimpanzee 44 |
| HCV | Hutchinson | NIH repository, Bethesda, MD | Infectivity in chimpanzee 45 |
| DHBV | P‐type | Congenitally infected ducks, Hepadnavirus Testing Laboratories, Menlo Park, CA | Infectivity in Legarth‐Pekin ducklings 46 |
| BVDV | NADL | ATCC, Rockville, MD | Plaque in bovine turbinate cells 16 |
| WNV | 3356 | Clone lineage I, pFL‐WNV (gift from K. Bernard) | Plaque in Vero cells 47 |
| SARS‐CoV | Urbani | CDC, Atlanta, GA | Plaque in Vero‐E6 cells 15 |
| Bluetongue virus | Station | ATCC, Rockville, MD | Plaque in embryonic bovine trachea cells 16 |
| Human adenovirus | 5 | Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Richmond, CA | Plaque on lung carcinoma cells (A549) 16 |
| S. epidermidis | Septicemia patient | California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA | Colony formation on Luria Bertani agar 18 |
| K. pneumoniae | Septicemia patient | California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA | Colony formation on Luria Bertani agar 18 |
| Y. enterocolitica | Septicemia patient | California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA | Colony formation on Luria Bertani agar 18 |
| T. pallidum | Nichols | University of Washington, Seattle, WA | Infectivity in New Zealand white rabbits 18 |
| B. burgdorferi | CA4 | University of California, Berkeley, CA | Dark field microscopy of cultures in BSK‐H medium 18 |
| P. falciparum | FcB1 | Max‐Planck‐Institute (gift from H. Heidrich) | Infectivity in RBCs 48 |
| T. cruzi | Tulahuen | University of Washington, Seattle, WA | Infectivity in 3T3 cells 19 |
| B. microti | C3H/HcN adapted | Wild strain isolated from a field mouse at State University of NY, Stony Brook, NY | Infectivity in C3H/HcN mice 49 |