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Directed acyclic graphs depicting three possible scenarios that could explain a causal effect between body size at age 10 years and disease outcomes in adulthood. (Top) Early life body size has an indirect effect on disease risk only through body size in adulthood, (middle) early life body size has a direct effect on disease risk independent of body size in adulthood, and (bottom) early life body size exerts both direct and indirect effects on disease risk in adulthood
