Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the controls and DM patients
| Controls (n = 79) | DM patients (n = 120) | P value∂ | P value‡ | P value∆ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal-weight (n = 33) | Overweight (n = 27) | Obese (n = 19) | P valueå | Normal-weight (n = 51) | Overweight (n = 29) | Obese (n = 40) | P valueß | ||||
| Age (y) | 55.27 ± 8.18 | 54.59 ± 9.12 | 56.89 ± 9.79 | 0.462 | 55.06 ± 13.21 | 58.00 ± 10.05 | 57.00 ± 11.09 | 0.541 | 0.935 | 0.202 | 0.972 |
| Female | 13 (39.3%) | 13 (29.6%) | 9 (42.1%) | 0.680 | 28 (54.9%) | 10 (27.6%) | 17 (35.0%) | 0.577 | 0.186 | 0.416 | 0.784 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.94 ± 1.01 | 24.00 ± 0.55* | 26.53 ± 0.90* § | 0.000 | 21.26 ± 1.21 | 23.75 ± 0.56 * | 26.92 ± 1.59 * § | 0.000 | 0.073 | 0.114 | 0.227 |
| Smoking history | 8 (24.2%) | 8 (29.6%) | 7 (36.8%) | 0.627 | 9 (17.6%) | 8 (27.6%) | 10 (25.0%) | 0.532 | 0.580 | 0.550 | 0.372 |
| Diabetes duration (y) | – | – | – | – | 6.51 ± 4.89 | 9.28 ± 6.51 | 9.35 ± 6.11 | 0.033 | – | – | – |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 121.0 ± 11.7 | 119.7 ± 14.2 | 121.0 ± 13.1 | 0.917 | 127.8 ± 16.9 | 132.9 ± 22.3 | 129.1 ± 14.4 | 0.515 | 0.026 | 0.017 | 0.071 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77.0 ± 8.8 | 78.7 ± 9.5 | 73.6 ± 9.8 | 0.197 | 81.3 ± 12.7 | 79.5 ± 10.0 | 79.4 ± 9.7 | 0.748 | 0.101 | 0.743 | 0.052 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.32 ± 0.44 | 5.41 ± 0.51 | 5.38 ± 0.48 | 0.815 | 7.9 ± 2.4 | 7.8 ± 2.2 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 0.944 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.57 | 1.85 ± 1.25 | 2.12 ± 1.55 | 0.034 | 1.59 ± 1.34 | 1.54 ± 0.75 | 2.39 ± 2.87 | 0.090 | 0.278 | 0.262 | 0.706 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.21 ± 0.95 | 4.51 ± 0.96 | 4.98 ± 1.52 | 0.535 | 4.36 ± 1.18 | 4.18 ± 0.71 | 4.36 ± 1.25 | 0.759 | 0.869 | 0.496 | 0.463 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.14 | 1.38 ± 0.52 | 1.42 ± 0.27 | 0.727 | 1.48 ± 0.50 | 1.18 ± 0.33 | 1.30 ± 01.01* | 0.153 | 0.122 | 0.091 | 0.616 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.52 ± 0.49 | 2.49 ± 0.77 | 2.29 ± 0.85 | 0.485 | 2.58 ± 0.85 | 2.41 ± 0.59 | 2.39 ± 0.77 | 0.453 | 0.738 | 0.656 | 0.650 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 95.39 ± 9.39 | 98.76 ± 11.14 | 98.28 ± 8.72 | 0.371 | 89.66 ± 21.41 | 85.81 ± 24.33 | 87.30 ± 25.72 | 0.766 | 0.097 | 0.013 | 0.019 |
| Cardiac troponin I (ug/L) - | – | – | – | 0.025 ± 0.023 | 0.022 ± 0.009 | 0.029 ± 0.013 | 0.197 | – | – | – | |
| Atrial fibrillation | – | – | – | – | 0 | 1 (3.4%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.450 | – | – | – |
| Renal dysfunction^ | – | – | – | – | 8 (15.7%) | 6 (20.7%) | 9 (22.5%) | 0.695 | – | – | – |
| Retinopathy | – | – | – | – | 4 (7.8%) | 3 (10.3%) | 6 (15.0%) | 0.549 | – | – | – |
| Peripheral neuropathy | – | – | – | – | 13 (25.5%) | 10 (34.5%) | 18 (45.0%) | 0.124 | – | – | – |
| Biguanides | – | – | – | – | 18 (35.3%) | 13 (44.8%) | 21 (52.5%) | 0.254 | – | – | – |
| Sulfonylureas | – | – | – | – | 9 (17.6%) | 4 (13.7%) | 10 (25.0%) | 0.474 | – | – | – |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | – | – | – | – | 13 (25.5%) | 11 (37.9%) | 18 (45.0%) | 0.140 | – | – | – |
| GLP-1/DPP-4 inhibitor | – | – | – | – | 3 (5.9%) | 2 (6.9%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.946 | – | – | – |
| Insulin | – | – | – | – | 12 (23.5%) | 8 (27.6%) | 6 (15.0%) | 0.417 | – | – | – |
| ACEI/ARB | – | – | – | – | 9 (17.6%) | 6 (20.7%) | 8 (20.0%) | 0.934 | – | – | – |
| Statin | – | – | – | – | 4 (7.8%) | 7 (24.1%) | 8 (20.0%) | 0.107 | – | – | – |
| LVEDV/BSA (ml/m2) | 73.53 ± 13.54 | 78.71 ± 17.55 | 76.30 ± 13.77 | 0.418 | 80.21 ± 24.54 | 80.56 ± 20.30 | 70.31 ± 12.41 | 0.040 | 0.157 | 0.717 | 0.100 |
| LVESV/BSA (ml/m2) | 29.89 ± 11.68 | 32.37 ± 14.67 | 33.18 ± 18.51 | 0.685 | 32.98 ± 18.77 | 32.71 ± 16.69 | 29.33 ± 10.81 | 0.519 | 0.400 | 0.937 | 0.318 |
| LVEF (%) | 61.68 ± 4.82 | 60.52 ± 8.11 | 61.86 ± 5.71 | 0.718 | 60.11 ± 7.75 | 61.39 ± 12.09 | 59.64 ± 9.04 | 0.738 | 0.301 | 0.755 | 0.343 |
| LV mass/BSA (g/m2) | 47.26 ± 15.33 | 49.75 ± 18.76 | 50.87 ± 10.37 | 0.685 | 52.62 ± 19.41 | 56.93 ± 13.55 | 52.67 ± 14.15 | 0.479 | 0.185 | 0.105 | 0.617 |
| Rest heart rate | 70.6 ± 11.4 | 73.5 ± 11.9 | 72.5 ± 9.0 | 0.585 | 74.9 ± 12.1 | 71.4 ± 10.0 | 73.4 ± 9.4 | 0.396 | 0.110 | 0.483 | 0.732 |
| LV remodeling index# | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.13 | 0.69 ± 0.16 | 0.047 | 0.66 ± 0.14 | 0.72 ± 0.13 | 0.75 ± 0.15* | 0.008 | 0.020 | 0.046 | 0.157 |
Values are means ± standard deviations or n (%)
P valueå, P valueß: P values refer to the differences among three subgroups across different BMI scales within controls (å) or DM patients (ß) based on Fisher’s exact test or one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test; * p < 0.017 versus Normal weight group; §p < 0.017 versus overweight group
P value∂, P value‡ and P value∆: DM patients versus controls based on Fisher’s exact test or Student’s t-test in normal-weight (P value∂), overweight (P value‡), and obese (P value∆) subgroups, respectively
^Renal dysfunction: estimated creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min; #LV remodeling index: LV mass/LVEDV. BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG plasma triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein, ACEI asngiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers